WWW.EXFILE.COM, INC. -- 888-775-4789 -- BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION -- FORM 10Q
 


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO
SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2008
Commission File No. 1-11083

BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION
(Exact Name of Registrant As Specified in Its Charter)

DELAWARE
04-2695240
(State of Incorporation)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

ONE BOSTON SCIENTIFIC PLACE, NATICK, MASSACHUSETTS 01760-1537
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(508) 650-8000
(Registrant’s Telephone Number)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
________________

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes:  x    No  o 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company.  See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer  x
 
Accelerated filer   ¨ 
Non-accelerated filer  o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Smaller reporting company  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes:  o    No  x

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class
Shares outstanding
as of April 30, 2008
   
Common Stock, $.01 par value 
1,496,257,958 
 



TABLE OF CONTENTS

                      
     Page No. 
     
PART I
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
3
     
Item 1.
Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
3
     
  Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations   3
     
  Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets   4
     
 
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
5
     
 
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
6
     
Item 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
27
     
Item 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
47
     
Item 4.
Controls and Procedures
48
     
PART II
OTHER INFORMATION
49
     
Item 1.
Legal Proceedings
49
     
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
49
     
Item 6.
Exhibits
49
     
SIGNATURE
 
50
 
2

PART I
FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)


   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
(in millions, except per share data)
 
2008
   
2007
 
             
Net sales
  $ 2,046     $ 2,086  
Cost of products sold
    580       568  
                 
Gross profit
    1,466       1,518  
                 
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    661       735  
Research and development expenses
    244       289  
Royalty expense
    46       52  
Amortization expense
    143       155  
Purchased research and development
    13       5  
Restructuring charges
    29          
Gain on divestitures
    (250 )        
Total operating expenses
    886       1,236  
Operating income
    580       282  
                 
Other income (expense):
               
Interest expense
    (131 )     (141 )
Other, net
    13       18  
                 
Income before income taxes
    462       159  
                 
Income tax expense
    140       39  
                 
Net income
  $ 322     $ 120  
                 
Net income per common share — basic
  $ 0.22     $ 0.08  
Net income per common share — assuming dilution
  $ 0.21     $ 0.08  
                 
Weighted-average shares outstanding
               
Basic
    1,494.1       1,481.3  
Assuming dilution
    1,500.1       1,497.8  
 
 
See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
3

BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)


   
March 31,
   
December 31,
 
(in millions, except share data)
 
2008
   
2007
 
 
           
ASSETS 
           
Current assets
           
Cash and cash equivalents
  $ 1,739     $ 1,452  
Trade accounts receivable, net
    1,496       1,502  
Inventories
    781       725  
Deferred income taxes
    873       679  
Assets held for sale
            1,099  
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
    352       464  
Total current assets
    5,241       5,921  
                 
Property, plant and equipment, net
    1,736       1,735  
Investments
    321       317  
Other assets
    143       157  
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net
    22,905       23,067  
    $ 30,346     $ 31,197  
                 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY
               
Current liabilities
               
Current debt obligations
  $ 257     $ 256  
Accounts payable
    222       139  
Accrued expenses
    2,200       2,541  
Taxes payable
    488       121  
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale
            39  
Other current liabilities
    226       154  
Total current liabilities
    3,393       3,250  
                 
Long-term debt
    7,311       7,933  
Deferred income taxes
    2,230       2,284  
Other long-term liabilities
    2,021       2,633  
                 
Commitments and contingencies
               
                 
Stockholders’ equity
               
Preferred stock, $ .01 par value - authorized 50,000,000 shares, none issued and outstanding
 
Common stock, $ .01 par value - authorized 2,000,000,000 shares and issued 1,495,515,422 shares at March 31, 2008 and 1,491,234,911 shares at December 31, 2007
    15       15  
Additional paid-in capital
    15,830       15,766  
Accumulated deficit
    (373 )     (693 )
Other stockholders’ (deficit) equity
    (81 )     9  
Total stockholders’ equity
    15,391       15,097  
    $ 30,346     $ 31,197  
 
 
See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
4

BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)


   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
 
             
Cash provided by (used for) operating activities
  $ 266     $ (59 )
                 
Investing activities:
               
Purchases of property, plant and equipment
    (57 )     (96 )
Proceeds from sales of publicly traded and privately held equity securities and collections of notes receivable
    37       14  
Payments for acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired
            (11 )
Payments relating to prior period acquisitions
    (654 )     (200 )
Proceeds from business divestitures
    1,300          
Payments for investments in companies and acquisitions of certain technologies
    (6 )     (7 )
                 
Cash provided by (used for) investing activities
    620       (300 )
                 
Financing activities:
               
Payments on long-term borrowings
    (625 )        
Proceeds from issuances of shares of common stock
    26       31  
                 
Cash (used for) provided by financing activities
    (599 )     31  
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
    287       (328 )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
    1,452       1,668  
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
  $ 1,739     $ 1,340  
                 
Supplemental Information:
               
Stock and stock equivalents issued for acquisitions
  $       $ 90  
 
 
See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
 


5

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)


NOTE A – BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Boston Scientific Corporation have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2008 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2008. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. See Note N - Segment Reporting for further details.

NOTE B – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
 
We adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Statement No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, as of January 1, 2008. Statement No. 157 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Statement No. 157 does not require any new fair value measurements; rather, it applies to other accounting pronouncements that require or permit fair value measurements. In February 2008, the FASB released Staff Position No. 157-2, Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157, which delays the effective date of Statement No. 157 for all nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities, except for those that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. In accordance with Staff Position No. 157-2, we have not applied the provisions of Statement No. 157 to the following nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities:

·     
Nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities initially measured at fair value in a business combination or other new basis event, but not measured at fair value in subsequent reporting periods;

·     
Reporting units and nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities measured at fair value for our goodwill impairment test in accordance with FASB Statement No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets;

·     
Indefinite-lived intangible assets measured at fair value for impairment assessment in accordance with Statement No. 142;

·     
Nonfinancial long-lived assets or asset groups measured at fair value for impairment assessment or disposal under FASB Statement No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets; and

·     
Nonfinancial liabilities associated with exit or disposal activities initially measured at fair value under FASB Statement No. 146, Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities.

We will be required to apply the provisions of Statement No. 157 to these nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities as of January 1, 2009 and are currently evaluating the impact of the application of Statement No. 157 as it pertains to these items. The application of Statement No. 157 for financial assets and financial liabilities did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

On a recurring basis, we measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value, including our money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities, available-for-sale investments, interest rate derivative instruments and foreign currency derivative contracts. Statement No. 157 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a
 
6

market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. We base fair value upon quoted market prices, where available. Where quoted market prices or other observable inputs are not available, we apply valuation techniques to estimate fair value.

Statement No. 157 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The categorization of financial assets and financial liabilities within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement of fair value. The three levels of the hierarchy are defined as follows:

·     
Level 1 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities.

·     
Level 2 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are other observable inputs, including quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities and market-corroborated inputs.

·     
Level 3 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable inputs based on management’s best estimate of inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date, including assumptions about risk.
 
Our money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities, as well as available-for-sale investments carried at fair value are generally classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices. However, certain of our available-for-sale investments are subject to lock-up agreements for a period of time. We use an option pricing model to determine the liquidity discount associated with these lock-up restrictions as part of our fair value measurement within the framework of Statement No. 157.  Available-for-sale investments with such restrictions are generally classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
 
Our cost method investments are recorded at fair value only when impairment charges are recorded for other-than-temporary declines in value and are determined using fair value criteria within the framework of Statement No. 157.  As the inputs utilized for the impairment assessment are not based on observable market data, these cost method investments are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy on a non-recurring basis.

We recognize all derivative financial instruments in our consolidated financial statements at fair value in accordance with FASB Statement No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.  We determine the fair value of these instruments using the framework prescribed by Statement No. 157 by considering the estimated amount we would receive to terminate these agreements at the reporting date and by taking into account current interest rates, the creditworthiness of the counterparty for assets, and our creditworthiness for liabilities.  In certain instances, we may utilize financial models to measure fair value. Generally, we use inputs that include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; other observable inputs for the asset or liability; and inputs derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data by correlation or other means. We have classified our derivative assets and liabilities within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because these observable inputs are available for substantially the full term of our derivative instruments.

Fair Value Measured on a Recurring Basis

Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of the following as of March 31, 2008:
 
 
 
 
7

 

(in millions)
 
Quoted Market Prices for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
   
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
   
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
   
Total
 
Assets
                       
Money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities   912                    912  
Available-for-sale investments 
     11              24        35  
Currency exchange contracts
          $ 12               12  
    $ 923     $ 12     $ 24     $ 959  
                                 
Liabilities
                               
Currency exchange contracts
          $ 233             $ 233  
Interest rate swap contracts
            41               41  
    $       $ 274     $       $ 274  
 
 
For assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), the following table summarizes the change in balances during the three months ended March 31, 2008:
 
 
(in millions)
 
Available-for-sale investments with restrictions
 
Balance at January 1, 2008
  $ 30  
Net transfers in (out) of Level 3
    40  
Net (sales) purchases
    (25 )
Change in unrealized gains/losses related to market prices
    (17 )
Change in unrealized gains/losses related to liquidity discounts
    (4 )
Balance at March 31, 2008
  $ 24  
 
Unrealized gains/losses are included in other comprehensive income in our accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

 
Fair Value Measured on a Non-Recurring Basis

In the first quarter of 2008, we recorded impairment charges on certain of our cost method investments and adjusted the carrying amount of those investments to fair value, as we deemed the decline in the value of those assets to be other-than-temporary.  These cost method investments fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, due to the use of significant unobservable inputs to determine fair value, as the investments are in privately held entities without quoted market prices.  To determine the fair value of those investments, we used all available financial information related to the entities, including information based on recent third-party equity investments in these entities.  The following table summarizes changes to the carrying amount of these investments during the three months ended March 31, 2008.

 
8

Balance at January 1, 2008
  $ 24  
Less: other-than-temporary impairments
    14  
Balance at March 31, 2008
  $ 10  
 
Statement No. 159
 
In February 2007, the FASB issued Statement No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115, which allows an entity to elect to record financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value upon their initial recognition on a contract-by-contract basis. We adopted Statement No. 159 as of January 1, 2008 and did not elect the fair value option for our eligible financial assets and financial liabilities.
 

NOTE C – SUPPLEMENTAL BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION

The following are the components of various balance sheet items at March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007.

Inventories
 
   
March 31,
   
December 31,
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
 
             
Finished goods
  $ 504     $ 454  
Work-in-process
    142       132  
Raw materials
    135       139  
    $ 781     $ 725  
 
Property, plant and equipment, net

   
March 31,
   
December 31,
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
 
             
Property, plant and equipment
  $ 3,026     $ 2,925  
Less: accumulated depreciation
    1,290       1,190  
    $ 1,736     $ 1,735  

Goodwill and other intangible assets, net 
 
             
   
March 31,
   
December 31,
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
 
             
Goodwill
  $ 15,094     $ 15,103  
Technology - core
    6,923       6,923  
Other intangible assets
    2,464       2,481  
      24,481       24,507  
Less: accumulated amortization
    1,576       1,440  
    $ 22,905     $ 23,067  
 
 
Changes in our product warranty obligations during the three months ended March 31, 2008 consisted of the following (in millions):
 
9

 

Balance at December 31, 2007
  $ 66  
Warranty claims provision
    20  
Settlements made
    (20 )
Balance at March 31, 2008
  $ 66  
 
 
NOTE D – INVESTMENTS AND NOTES RECEIVABLE
 
During 2007, in connection with our strategic initiatives, we announced our decision to monetize the majority of our investment portfolio in order to eliminate investments determined to be non-strategic. In the first quarter of 2008, we received gross proceeds of $37 million from the sale of investments and collections of notes receivable, and recognized associated net gains of $15 million, recorded in other, net in our accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. We intend to monetize the rest of our non-strategic portfolio investments over the next few quarters.

We regularly review our investments for impairment indicators. Based on this review, we recorded net losses of $21 million in the first quarter of 2008 due primarily to other-than-temporary impairments associated with certain of our privately held investments, as well as adjustments related to investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting. 

Many of our alliances involve equity investments in privately held equity securities or investments where an observable quoted market value does not exist. Many of these companies are in the developmental stage and have not yet commenced their principal operations. Our exposure to losses related to our alliances is generally limited to our equity investments and notes receivable associated with these alliances.


NOTE E – BORROWINGS AND CREDIT ARRANGEMENTS

We had total debt of $7.568 billion at March 31, 2008 at an average interest rate of 6.02 percent, as compared to total debt of $8.189 billion at December 31, 2007 at an average interest rate of 6.36 percent. During the first quarter of 2008, we prepaid $625 million of our term loan. These prepayments satisfied the remaining $300 million of our term loan due in 2009 and $325 million of our term loan due in 2010. As of March 31, 2008, the revised debt maturity schedule for the term loan, as well as scheduled maturities of the other significant components of our debt obligations, is as follows:
 
   
Payments Due by Period
     
(in millions)
 
2008
 
2009
 
2010
   
2011
 
2012
 
Thereafter
   
Total
 
Term loan
          $ 1,375     $ 2,000             $ 3,375  
Abbott Laboratories loan
                    900               900  
Senior notes
                    850       $ 2,200       3,050  
Credit and security facility
  $ 250                                   250  
    $ 250  
  $       
  $ 1,375     $ 3,750  
  $       
  $ 2,200     $ 7,575  
 
 
Note:
The table above does not include capital leases, discounts associated with our Abbott loan and senior notes, and non-cash gains related to interest rate swaps used to hedge the fair value of certain of our senior notes.

Our term loan and revolving credit facility agreement requires that we maintain certain financial covenants, including a ratio of total debt to EBITDA, as defined by the amended agreement, of less than or equal to 4.5 to 1.0 through December 31, 2008. The maximum permitted ratio of total debt to EBITDA steps-down to 4.0 to 1.0 on March 31, 2009 and to 3.5 to 1.0 on September 30, 2009.  The agreement also requires that we maintain a ratio of EBITDA, as defined by the amended agreement, to interest expense of greater than or equal to 3.0 to 1.0. As of March 31, 2008, we were in compliance with the required covenants. Exiting the quarter, our ratio of total debt to EBITDA was 2.9 to 1.0 and our ratio of EBITDA to interest expense was 4.6 to 1.0. If at any time we are not able to
 
10

maintain these covenants, we could be required to seek to renegotiate the terms of our credit facilities or seek waivers from compliance with these covenants, both of which could result in additional borrowing costs.

Interest Rate Swaps

We use interest rate derivative instruments to manage our exposure to interest rate movements and to reduce borrowing costs by converting floating-rate debt into fixed-rate debt or fixed-rate debt into floating-rate debt. We designate these derivative instruments either as fair value or cash flow hedges under Statement No. 133. We record changes in the fair value of fair value hedges in other income (expense), which is offset by changes in the fair value of the hedged debt obligation to the extent the hedge is effective. Interest expense includes interest payments made or received under interest rate derivative instruments. We record the effective portion of any change in the fair value of cash flow hedges as other comprehensive income, net of tax, until the hedged cash flow occurs.

During the first quarter of 2008, we entered floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps indexed to three-month LIBOR to hedge variability in interest payments on $2.0 billion of our LIBOR-indexed floating-rate loans. These interest rate swap agreements commence in June 2008 and mature in December 2009.  We designated these interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges under Statement No. 133 and record fluctuations in the fair value of these derivative instruments as unrealized gains or losses in other comprehensive income, net of tax, and reclassify the gains or losses to interest expense during the hedged interest payment period.

We recorded a net unrealized loss of $26 million, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income at March 31, 2008 to recognize the fair value of all of our outstanding interest rate derivative instruments, as compared to $11 million at December 31, 2007.  As of March 31, 2008, $26 million of unrealized losses relating to our current and prior interest rate derivative instruments may be reclassified to earnings during 2008, as compared to $3 million as of December 31, 2007.


NOTE F – ACQUISITIONS

Purchased Research and Development

Our policy is to record certain costs associated with strategic alliances as purchased research and development. In accordance with this policy, we recorded $13 million of purchased research and development in the first quarter of 2008 associated with entering a licensing and development arrangement with Surgi-Vision, Inc. for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-safe technology, which Surgi-Vision is developing. During the first quarter of 2007, we recorded $5 million of purchased research and development associated with payments made for certain early-stage CRM technologies.

Acquisition-related Payments

During the first quarter of 2008, we made acquisition-related payments of $654 million, consisting primarily of a $650 million fixed payment made to the principal former shareholders of Advanced Bionics Corporation in connection with our 2007 amendment to the original merger agreement, which was accrued at December 31, 2007. Accrued at March 31, 2008 is $472 million ($465 million as of December 31, 2007), which represents the present value of a $500 million final fixed payment to be made related to Advanced Bionics in March 2009. In addition to this obligation, certain of our acquisitions involve the payment of contingent consideration, which is generally contingent upon the acquired companies’ reaching certain performance milestones, including attaining specified revenue levels, achieving product development targets or obtaining regulatory approvals. Consequently, we cannot currently determine the total required payments; however, we have developed an estimate of the maximum potential contingent consideration for each of our acquisitions with an outstanding earn-out obligation. The estimated maximum potential amount of future contingent consideration (undiscounted) that we could be required to make associated with these acquisitions, some of which may be payable in common stock, is approximately $1.1 billion. The milestones associated with the contingent consideration must be reached in
 
11

certain future periods ranging from 2008 through 2022. The estimated cumulative specified revenue level associated with these maximum future contingent payments is approximately $3.4 billion.
 
In April 2008, we signed a definitive agreement to acquire 100 percent of the fully diluted equity of CryoCor, Inc., under which we will pay a cash purchase price of approximately $18 million, in addition to our previous investment. CryoCor is developing products using cryogenic technology for use in treating atrial fibrillation, the most common and difficult to treat cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat). We expect the acquisition to close during the second quarter of 2008, subject to customary closing conditions. The acquisition is intended to allow us to further pursue therapeutic solutions for atrial fibrillation in order to advance our existing Cardiac Rhythm Management (CRM) and Electrophysiology product lines.


NOTE G – RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES

In October 2007, our Board of Directors approved, and we committed to, an expense and head count reduction plan, which will result in the elimination of approximately 2,300 positions worldwide. We are providing affected employees with severance packages, outplacement services and other appropriate assistance and support. As of March 31, 2008, we had completed more than half of the anticipated head count reductions. The plan is intended to bring expenses in line with revenues as part of our initiatives to enhance short- and long-term shareholder value. Key activities under the plan include the restructuring of several businesses and product franchises in order to better utilize resources, strengthen competitive positions, and create a more simplified and efficient business model; the elimination, suspension or reduction of spending on certain research and development (R&D) projects; and the transfer of certain production lines from one facility to another. We initiated these activities in the fourth quarter of 2007 and expect to be substantially completed worldwide by the end of 2008.

We expect that the execution of this plan will result in total pre-tax costs of approximately $425 million to $450 million.  We expect that the plan will result in total cash payments of approximately $375 million to $400 million.  The following table provides a summary of our estimates of total costs associated with the plan by major type of cost:

Type of cost
Total amount expected to be incurred
Termination benefits
    $250 million to $260 million
Retention incentives
$60 million to $65 million
Asset write-offs and accelerated depreciation
$50 million to $55 million
Other *
$65 million to $70 million
 
* Other costs consist primarily of consultant fees and costs to transfer product lines from one facility to another.

In the first quarter of 2008, we incurred total restructuring costs of $44 million. The following presents these costs by major type and line item within our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations:
 
   
Termination
   
Retention
   
Accelerated    
       
(in millions)
 
Benefits
   
Incentives
   
Depreciation
   
Other
   
Total
 
Cost of goods sold
        $ 3     $ 1           $ 4  
Selling, general and administrative expenses
          6       3             9  
Research and development expenses
          2                     2  
Restructuring charges
  $ 20                     $ 9       29  
    $ 20     $ 11     $ 4     $ 9     $ 44  
 
12

The termination benefits recorded during the first quarter of 2008 represent amounts incurred pursuant to our on-going benefit arrangements and amounts for “one-time” involuntary termination benefits, and have been recorded in accordance with FASB Statement No. 112, Employer’s Accounting for Postemployment Benefits and FASB Statement No. 146, Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities. We expect to record the remaining termination benefits in 2008 when we identify with more specificity the job classifications, functions and locations of the remaining head count to be eliminated.  Retention incentives represent cash incentives, which are being recorded over the future service period during which eligible employees must remain employed with us in order to retain the payment.  The other restructuring costs are being recognized and measured at their fair value in the period in which the liability is incurred, in accordance with Statement No. 146.

We have incurred cumulative restructuring costs of $249 million since we committed to the plan in October 2007. The following presents these costs by major type (in millions):

Termination benefits
  $ 178  
Retention incentives
    16  
Intangible asset write-offs
    21  
Fixed asset write-offs
    8  
Accelerated depreciation
    7  
Other
    19  
    $ 249  
 
Charges associated with restructuring activities are excluded from the determination of segment income, as they do not reflect expected on-going future operating expenses and are not considered by management when assessing operating performance.
 
In the first quarter of 2008, we made cash payments of approximately $83 million associated with our restructuring initiatives, which related to termination benefits paid and other restructuring charges.  We have made cumulative cash payments of $125 million since we committed to our restructuring initiatives in October 2007. These payments were made using cash generated from our operations.  We expect to make the remaining cash payments throughout the remainder of 2008 and into 2009 using cash generated from operations.
 
The following is a rollforward of the liability associated with our restructuring initiatives since the inception of the plan in the fourth quarter of 2007, which is reported as a component of accrued expenses included in our accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(in millions)
 
Termination
Benefits
   
Other
   
Total
 
Charges
  $ 158     $ 10     $ 168  
Cash payments
    (23 )     (8 )     (31 )
Balance at December 31, 2007
    135       2       137  
Charges
    20       9       29  
Cash payments
    (74 )     (9 )     (83 )
Balance at March 31, 2008
  $ 81     $ 2     $ 83  
 
 
NOTE H – DIVESTITURES

During the first quarter of 2008, we completed the sale of our Auditory, Cardiac Surgery, Vascular Surgery, Fluid Management and Venous Access businesses, as well as our former TriVascular entity. Each transaction is discussed below in further detail.

Auditory

In January 2008, we completed the sale of a controlling interest in our Auditory business and drug pump
 
13

development program, acquired with Advanced Bionics in 2004, to entities affiliated with the principal former shareholders of Advanced Bionics for an aggregate purchase price of $150 million in cash. To adjust the carrying value of the disposal group to its fair value, less costs to sell, we recorded a loss of approximately $367 million in 2007, representing primarily a write-down of goodwill. In addition, we recorded a tax benefit of $6 million in the first quarter of 2008 in connection with the closing of the transaction. Under the terms of the agreement, we retained a twelve percent interest in the limited liability companies formed for purposes of operating the Auditory business and drug pump development program. In accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) Issue No. 03-16, Accounting for Investments in Limited Liability Companies, we are accounting for these investments under the equity method of accounting.

Cardiac Surgery and Vascular Surgery

In January 2008, we completed the sale of our Cardiac Surgery and Vascular Surgery businesses to the Getinge Group for net cash proceeds of approximately $705 million. To adjust the carrying value of the Cardiac Surgery and Vascular Surgery disposal group to its fair value, less costs to sell, we recorded a loss of approximately $193 million in 2007, representing primarily the write-down of goodwill. In addition, we recorded a tax expense of $56 million in the first quarter of 2008 in connection with the closing of the transaction.  

Fluid Management and Venous Access

In February 2008, we completed the sale of our Fluid Management and Venous Access businesses to Avista Capital Partners for net cash proceeds of approximately $415 million. We recorded a pre-tax gain of $234 million ($129 million after-tax) during the first quarter of 2008 associated with this transaction.

TriVascular

In March 2008, we sold our Endovascular Aortic Repair (EVAR) program obtained in connection with our 2005 acquisition of TriVascular, Inc. for $30 million in cash. We discontinued our EVAR program in 2006. In connection with the sale, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $16 million ($35 million after-tax) in the first quarter of 2008.


NOTE I – COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

The following table provides a summary of our comprehensive income:

   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
 
Net income
  $ 322     $ 120  
Currency translation adjustment
    10       (1 )
Net change in derivative financial instruments
    (93 )     (1 )
Net change in equity investments
    (7 )     (5 )
Other
    (2 )        
Comprehensive income
  $ 230     $ 113  
 
 
 
NOTE J – WEIGHTED-AVERAGE SHARES OUTSTANDING

The following is a reconciliation of weighted-average shares outstanding for basic and diluted earnings per share computations:

14

   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
 
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic
    1,494.1       1,481.3  
Net effect of common stock equivalents
    6.0       16.5  
Weighted average shares outstanding - assuming dilution
    1,500.1       1,497.8  
 
Weighted-average shares outstanding, assuming dilution, excludes the impact of 57 million stock options for the first quarter of 2008 and 37 million for the first quarter of 2007 due to the exercise prices of these stock options being greater than the average market price of our common stock during those periods.

We issued approximately four million shares of our common stock in the first quarter of 2008 and three million shares of our common stock in the first quarter of 2007 following the exercise or vesting of the underlying stock options or deferred stock units, or purchase under our employee stock purchase plan. In addition, in the first quarter of 2007, we issued five million shares of our common stock in connection with our acquisition of EndoTex Interventional Systems, Inc.

 
NOTE K – STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

The following presents the impact of stock-based compensation expense on our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations:
 
   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
 
Cost of products sold
  $ 6     $ 4  
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    28       23  
Research and development expenses
    7       7  
      41       34  
Less: income tax benefit
    12       10  
    $ 29     $ 24  
 
On May 6, 2008, our shareholders approved an amendment and restatement of our 2003 Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP), increasing the number of shares of our common stock available for issuance under the plan by 70 million shares. Together with our 2000 LTIP, the plans provide for the issuance of up to 160 million shares for various stock-based incentives.
 
 
NOTE L – INCOME TAXES

Tax Rate
 
The following table provides a summary of our reported tax rate:
 
   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
   
Percentage
Point
Increase
 
   
2008
   
2007
   
(Decrease)
 
Reported tax rate
    30.3 %     24.5 %     5.8 %
Impact of certain charges*
    (6.7 ) %     (3.5 ) %     (3.2 ) %
 
*These charges are taxed at different rates than our effective tax rate. 

The increase in our reported tax rate for the first quarter of 2008, as compared to the same period in the prior year, related primarily to the impact of certain charges that are taxed at different rates than our effective tax rate. In 2008, these charges included restructuring costs, divestitures that occurred in the quarter, and discrete items associated with the resolution of various tax matters.  In 2007, these charges included changes to the reserves for
 
15

uncertain tax positions relating to items originating in prior periods, purchased research and development, and charges related to our 2006 acquisition of Guidant Corporation. In addition, our effective tax rate for the first quarter of 2008 increased by approximately three percentage points as compared to the same period in the prior year, due primarily to the expiration of the U.S. Research and Development (R&D) tax credit at December 31, 2007.

Effective January 1, 2007, we adopted the provisions of FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes.  At March 31, 2008, we had $1.104 billion of gross unrecognized tax benefits, $437 million of which, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate in accordance with currently effective accounting standards. At December 31, 2007, we had $1.180 billion of gross unrecognized tax benefits, $415 million of which, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate in accordance with currently effective accounting standards. 

We had $229 million accrued for interest and penalties at March 31, 2008 and $264 million at December 31, 2007. During the first quarter of 2008, we recognized a reduction of income tax expense of $2 million resulting from the settlement of previously recorded tax matters, net of current period accrued interest and penalties. The total amount of interest and penalties recognized in the first quarter of 2007 was an expense of $20 million.

We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of multiple state and foreign jurisdictions.  We have concluded all U.S. federal income tax matters through 2000 and substantially all material state, local, and foreign income tax matters through 2001. During the first quarter of 2008, we resolved certain matters previously under consideration at IRS Appeals, related primarily to Guidant’s acquisition of Intermedics, Inc., and received several favorable foreign court decisions and a favorable state audit settlement.  As a result of the resolution of these matters, we decreased our reserve for uncertain tax positions, net of payments, by $49 million, inclusive of $24 million of interest and penalties, during the first quarter of 2008.

It is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months we will resolve multiple issues with taxing authorities, in which case we could record a reduction in our balance of unrecognized tax benefits of up to approximately $140 million.


NOTE M – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The medical device market in which we primarily participate is largely technology driven. Physician customers, particularly in interventional cardiology, have historically moved quickly to new products and new technologies. As a result, intellectual property rights, particularly patents and trade secrets, play a significant role in product development and differentiation. However, intellectual property litigation to defend or create market advantage is inherently complex and unpredictable. Furthermore, appellate courts frequently overturn lower court patent decisions.

In addition, competing parties frequently file multiple suits to leverage patent portfolios across product lines, technologies and geographies and to balance risk and exposure between the parties. In some cases, several competitors are parties in the same proceeding, or in a series of related proceedings, or litigate multiple features of a single class of devices. These forces frequently drive settlement not only of individual cases, but also of a series of pending and potentially related and unrelated cases. In addition, although monetary and injunctive relief is typically sought, remedies and restitution are generally not determined until the conclusion of the proceedings and are frequently modified on appeal. Accordingly, the outcomes of individual cases are difficult to time, predict or quantify and are often dependent upon the outcomes of other cases in other geographies.

Several third parties have asserted that our current and former stent systems infringe patents owned or licensed by them. We have similarly asserted that stent systems or other products sold by our competitors infringe patents owned or licensed by us. Adverse outcomes in one or more of the proceedings against us could limit our ability to sell certain stent products in certain jurisdictions, or reduce our operating margin on the sale of these products and could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

In the normal course of business, product liability and securities claims are asserted against us. Product liability
 
16

and securities claims against us may be asserted in the future related to events not known to management at the present time. We are substantially self-insured with respect to general and product liability claims. We maintain insurance policies providing limited coverage against securities claims. The absence of significant third-party insurance coverage increases our potential exposure to unanticipated claims or adverse decisions. Product liability claims, product recalls, securities litigation and other litigation in the future, regardless of their outcome, could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

We accrue anticipated costs of settlement and damages and, under certain conditions, costs of defense, based on historical experience or to the extent specific losses are probable and estimable. Otherwise, we expense these costs as incurred. We record losses for claims in excess of the limits of purchased insurance in earnings at the time and to the extent they are probable and estimable. If the estimate of a probable loss is a range and no amount within the range is more likely, we accrue the minimum amount of the range.
 
Our accrual for legal matters that are probable and estimable was $991 million at March 31, 2008 and $994 million at December 31, 2007, and includes estimated costs of settlement, damages and defense. The amounts accrued relate primarily to Guidant litigation and claims recorded as part of the Guidant purchase price, and to on-going patent litigation involving our Interventional Cardiology business. We continue to assess certain litigation and claims to determine the amounts that management believes will be paid as a result of such claims and litigation and, therefore, additional losses may be accrued in the future, which could adversely impact our operating results, cash flows and our ability to comply with our debt covenants.

In management’s opinion, we are not currently involved in any legal proceedings other than those specifically identified below, which, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material effect on our financial condition, operations and/or cash flows. Unless included in our legal accrual or otherwise indicated below, a range of loss associated with any individual material legal proceeding can not be estimated. 

Except as disclosed below, there have been no material developments with regards to any matters of litigation or other proceedings disclosed in our 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Litigation with Johnson & Johnson

On October 22, 1997, Cordis Corporation, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, filed a suit for patent infringement against us and Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. (f/k/a SCIMED Life Systems, Inc.), our wholly owned subsidiary, alleging that the importation and use of the NIR® stent infringes two patents owned by Cordis. On April 13, 1998, Cordis filed another suit for patent infringement against Boston Scientific Scimed and us, alleging that our NIR® stent infringes two additional patents owned by Cordis. The suits were filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware seeking monetary damages, injunctive relief and that the patents be adjudged valid, enforceable and infringed. A trial on both actions was held in late 2000. A jury found that the NIR® stent does not infringe three Cordis patents, but does infringe one claim of one Cordis patent and awarded damages of approximately $324 million to Cordis. On March 28, 2002, the Court set aside the damage award, but upheld the remainder of the verdict, and held that two of the four patents had been obtained through inequitable conduct in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. On May 27, 2005, Cordis filed an appeal on those two patents and an appeal hearing was held on May 3, 2006.  The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit remanded the case back to the trial court for further briefing and fact-finding by the Court.  On May 16, 2002, the Court also set aside the verdict of infringement, requiring a new trial. On March 24, 2005, in a second trial, a jury found that a single claim of the Cordis patent was valid and infringed. The jury determined liability only; any monetary damages will be determined at a later trial. On March 27, 2006, the judge entered judgment in favor of Cordis, and on April 26, 2006, we filed an appeal. A hearing on the appeal was held on October 3, 2007, and a decision was rendered on January 7, 2008 upholding the lower court’s finding of infringement and reversing the finding of invalidity of a second claim. On February 4, 2008, we requested the Court of Appeals rehear the appeal and reverse the lower court’s finding of infringement and/or remand the case to the District Court for a new trial. On April 9, 2008, the Court of Appeals denied our motion to rehear the appeal and remanded the case to the District Court.

17

On April 2, 1997, Ethicon and other Johnson & Johnson subsidiaries filed a cross-border proceeding in The Netherlands alleging that the NIR® stent infringes a European patent licensed to Ethicon. In this action, the Johnson & Johnson entities requested relief, including provisional relief (a preliminary injunction). In October 1997, Johnson & Johnson’s request for provisional cross-border relief on the patent was denied by the Dutch Court, on the ground that it is “very likely” that the NIR® stent will be found not to infringe the patent. Johnson & Johnson’s appeal of this decision was denied. In January 1999, Johnson & Johnson amended the claims of the patent and changed the action from a cross-border case to a Dutch national action. On June 23, 1999, the Dutch Court affirmed that there were no remaining infringement claims with respect to the patent. In late 1999, Johnson & Johnson appealed this decision. On March 11, 2004, the Court of Appeals nullified the Dutch Court’s June 23, 1999 decision and the proceedings have been returned to the Dutch Court. In accordance with its 1999 decision, the Dutch Court asked the Dutch Patent Office for technical advice on the validity of the amended patent. On August 31, 2005, the Dutch Patent Office issued its technical advice that the amended patent was valid but left certain legal issues for the Dutch Court to resolve. A hearing was held on April 25, 2008 and a decision is expected on June 25, 2008.

On August 22, 1997, Johnson & Johnson filed a suit for patent infringement against us alleging that the sale of the NIR® stent infringes certain Canadian patents owned by Johnson & Johnson. Suit was filed in the federal court of Canada seeking a declaration of infringement, monetary damages and injunctive relief. On December 2, 2004, the Court dismissed the case, finding all patents to be invalid. On December 6, 2004, Johnson & Johnson appealed the Court’s decision, and in May 2006, the Court reinstated the patents. In August 2006, we appealed the Court’s decision to the Supreme Court. On January 18, 2007, the Supreme Court denied our request to review this matter. A trial began on January 21, 2008 and concluded on February 29, 2008. On April 30, 2008, the Court found that the NIR stent did not infringe one patent of Johnson & Johnson and that the other Johnson & Johnson patent was invalid.

On February 14, 2002, we, and certain of our subsidiaries, filed suit for patent infringement against Johnson & Johnson and Cordis alleging that certain balloon catheters and stent delivery systems sold by Johnson & Johnson and Cordis infringe five U.S. patents owned by us. The complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California seeking monetary and injunctive relief. On October 15, 2002, Cordis filed a counterclaim alleging that certain balloon catheters and stent delivery systems sold by us infringe three U.S. patents owned by Cordis and seeking monetary and injunctive relief. On December 6, 2002, we filed an amended complaint alleging that two additional patents owned by us are infringed by the Cordis’ products. A bench trial on interfering patent issues was held December 5, 2005 and on September 19, 2006, the Court found there to be no interference. Trial began on October 9, 2007 and, on October 31, 2007, the jury found that we infringe a patent of Cordis. The jury also found four of our patents invalid and infringed by Cordis. No damages were determined because the judge found that Cordis failed to submit evidence sufficient to enable a jury to make a damage assessment. We filed a motion to overturn the jury verdict. A hearing on post-trial motions was held on February 15, 2008, and on February 19, 2008, the Court denied all post-trial motions. We intend to appeal the decision. The Court also ordered the parties to attempt to negotiate a reasonable royalty rate for future sales of the products found to infringe or file further papers with the Court regarding continued infringement.  A hearing on prospective relief is scheduled for July 18, 2008.

On March 26, 2002, we and our wholly owned subsidiary, Target Therapeutics, Inc.,  filed suit for patent infringement against Cordis alleging that certain detachable coil delivery systems infringe three U.S. patents, owned by or exclusively licensed to Target. The complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California seeking monetary and injunctive relief. In 2004, the Court granted summary judgment in our favor finding infringement of one of the patents.  On November 14, 2005, the Court denied Cordis’ summary judgment motions with respect to the validity of the patent. Cordis filed a motion for reconsideration and a hearing was held on October 26, 2006. The Court ruled on Cordis’ motion for reconsideration by modifying its claim construction order. On February 7, 2007, Cordis filed a motion for summary judgment of non-infringement with respect to this patent. On July 27, 2007, the Court denied Cordis’ motion. The Court also modified its claim construction and vacated its earlier summary judgment order finding infringement by the Cordis device. Summary judgment motions with respect to this patent were renewed by both parties and on March 21, 2008, the Court reinstated the order finding infringement.  Also, on January 18, 2008, the Court granted our
 
18

motion for summary judgment that Cordis infringes a second patent in the suit.  Based on this order, we have filed a motion for summary judgment of infringement of the third patent in the suit, as well as a request to add infringement of certain additional claims of the second patent. A hearing on this motion is scheduled for May 9, 2008. On January 25, 2008, the Court also ruled that two of the patents, including one on which summary judgment of infringement had been granted, are not invalid based on prior public or commercial use. On March 21, 2008, the Court granted in part and denied in part our motion for summary judgment of no inequitable conduct.
 
On August 5, 2004, we (through our subsidiary Schneider Europe GmbH) filed suit in the District Court of Brussels, Belgium against the Belgian subsidiaries of Johnson & Johnson, Cordis and Janssen Pharmaceutica alleging that Cordis’ Bx Velocity stent, Bx Sonic stent, Cypher stent, Cypher Select stent, Aqua T3™ balloon and U-Pass balloon infringe one of our European patents and seeking injunctive and monetary relief. A hearing was held on September 20 and 21, 2007 and a decision was rendered on December 6, 2007, scheduling a new hearing for May 29, 2008 to consider new evidence. In December 2005, the Johnson & Johnson subsidiaries filed a nullity action in France. On January 25, 2008, we filed a counterclaim infringement action in France, and a hearing is scheduled for April 6, 2009. In January 2006, the same Johnson & Johnson subsidiaries filed nullity actions in Italy and Germany. On October 23, 2007, the German Federal Patent Court found the patent valid. We have filed a counterclaim infringement action in Italy and an infringement action in Germany. A hearing is scheduled on the German infringement action for July 15, 2008.

On May 4, 2006, we filed suit against Conor Medsystems Ireland Ltd. alleging that its Costar® paclitaxel-eluting coronary stent system infringes one of our balloon catheter patents. The suit was filed in Ireland seeking monetary and injunctive relief.  On May 24, 2006, Conor responded, denying the allegations and filed a counterclaim against us alleging that the patent is not valid and is unenforceable. On January 14, 2008, the case was dismissed pursuant to a settlement agreement between the parties.  

On May 25, 2007, Boston Scientific Scimed and we filed suit against Johnson & Johnson and Cordis in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware seeking a declaratory judgment of invalidity of a U.S. patent owned by them and of non-infringement of the patent by our PROMUS™ coronary stent system. On February 21, 2008, Cordis answered the complaint, denying the allegations, and filed a counterclaim for infringement seeking an injunction and a declaratory judgment of validity.  A trial is scheduled to begin on August 3, 2009.

On June 1, 2007, Boston Scientific Scimed and we filed a suit against Johnson & Johnson and Cordis in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware seeking a declaratory judgment of invalidity of a U.S. patent owned by them and of non-infringement of the patent by our PROMUS coronary stent system. On February 21, 2008, Cordis answered the complaint, denying the allegations, and filed a counterclaim for infringement seeking an injunction and a declaratory judgment of validity.  A trial is scheduled to begin on August 3, 2009.

On June 22, 2007, Boston Scientific Scimed and we filed a suit against Johnson & Johnson and Cordis in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware seeking a declaratory judgment of invalidity of a U.S. patent owned by them and of non-infringement of the patent by our PROMUS coronary stent system.  On February 21, 2008, Cordis answered the complaint, denying the allegations, and filed a counterclaim for infringement seeking an injunction and a declaratory judgment of validity.  A trial is scheduled to begin on August 3, 2009.

On November 27, 2007, Boston Scientific Scimed and we filed suit against Johnson & Johnson and Cordis in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware seeking a declaratory judgment of invalidity of a U.S. patent owned by them and of non-infringement of the patent by our PROMUS coronary stent system. On February 21, 2008, Cordis answered the complaint, denying the allegations, and filed a counterclaim for infringement seeking an injunction and a declaratory judgment of validity.  A trial is scheduled to begin on August 3, 2009.

On January 15, 2008, Johnson & Johnson Inc. filed a suit for patent infringement against us alleging that the sale of the Express, Express 2 and TAXUS EXPRESS 2 stent delivery systems infringe two Canadian patents owned by Johnson & Johnson.  Suit was filed in The Federal Court of Canada seeking a declaration of infringement, monetary damages and injunctive relief.  We filed a motion to dismiss the complaint.

19

On January 28, 2008, Wyeth and Cordis Corporation filed suit against Boston Scientific Scimed and us, alleging that our PROMUS coronary stent system, upon launch in the United States, will infringe three U.S. patents owned by Wyeth and licensed to Cordis. The suit was filed in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey seeking monetary and injunctive relief. We have not yet been served with the complaint. On February 1, 2008, Wyeth and Cordis Corporation filed an amended complaint against Abbott Laboratories, adding us and Boston Scientific Scimed as additional defendants to the complaint. The suit alleges that our PROMUS coronary stent system, upon launch in the United States, will infringe the same three U.S. patents owned by Wyeth and licensed to Cordis. The suit was filed in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey seeking monetary and injunctive relief.  On March 17, 2008, we filed a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
 
Litigation with Medinol Ltd.
 
On February 20, 2006, Medinol submitted a request for arbitration against us, and our wholly owned subsidiaries Boston Scientific Ltd. and Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc., under the Arbitration Rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization pursuant to a settlement agreement between Medinol and us dated September 21, 2005. The request for arbitration alleges that the Company’s Liberté coronary stent system infringes two U.S. patents and one European patent owned by Medinol. Medinol is seeking to have the patents declared valid and enforceable and a reasonable royalty. The September 2005 settlement agreement provides, among other things, that Medinol may only seek reasonable royalties and is specifically precluded from seeking injunctive relief. As a result, we do not expect the outcome of this proceeding to have a material impact on the continued sale of the Liberté® stent system internationally or in the United States, the continued sale of the TAXUS® Liberté® stent system internationally or the launch of the TAXUS® Liberté® stent system in the United States. We plan to defend against Medinol’s claims vigorously. The arbitration hearing was held on September 17 through September 21, 2007. On May 2, 2008, the World Intellectual Property Organization panel that held that the Liberté and TAXUS Liberté stent systems do not infringe the Medinol patents.
 
Other Patent Litigation
 
On September 12, 2002, ev3 Inc. filed suit against The Regents of the University of California and our wholly owned subsidiary, Boston Scientific International, B.V., in the District Court of The Hague, The Netherlands, seeking a declaration that ev3’s EDC II and VDS embolic coil products do not infringe three patents licensed to us from The Regents. On October 22, 2003, the Court ruled that the ev3 products infringe the three patents. On December 18, 2003, ev3 appealed the Court’s ruling. A hearing on the appeal has not yet been scheduled. A damages hearing originally scheduled for June 15, 2007 has been postponed and not yet rescheduled. On October 30, 2007, we reached an agreement in principle with ev3 to resolve this matter. On March 27, 2008, the parties signed a definitive settlement agreement and the case has been formally dismissed.
 
On December 16, 2003, The Regents of the University of California filed suit against Micro Therapeutics, Inc., a subsidiary of ev3, and Dendron GmbH alleging that Micro Therapeutics’ Sapphire detachable coil delivery systems infringe twelve patents licensed to us and owned by The Regents. The complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California seeking monetary and injunctive relief. On January 8, 2004, Micro Therapeutics and Dendron filed a third-party complaint to include Target Therapeutics and us as third-party defendants seeking a declaratory judgment of invalidity and noninfringement with respect to the patents and antitrust violations. On February 17, 2004, we, as a third-party defendant, filed a motion to dismiss us from the case. On July 9, 2004, the Court granted our motion in part and dismissed Target and us from the claims relating only to patent infringement, while denying dismissal of an antitrust claim. On April 7, 2006, the Court denied Micro Therapeutics’ motion seeking unenforceability of The Regents’ patent and denied The Regents’ cross-motion for summary judgment of enforceability. A summary judgment hearing was held on July 31, 2007 relating to the antitrust claim, and on August 22, 2007, the Court granted summary judgment in our favor and dismissed us from the case. On October 30, 2007, we reached an agreement in principle with ev3 to resolve this matter. On March 27, 2008, the parties signed a definitive settlement agreement and on April 4, 2008, a Stipulation of Dismissal was filed with the Court and the case was formally dismissed.

20

On March 29, 2005, we and Boston Scientific Scimed, filed suit against ev3 for patent infringement, alleging that ev3’s SpideRX® embolic protection device infringes four U.S. patents owned by us. The complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota seeking monetary and injunctive relief. On May 9, 2005, ev3 answered the complaint, denying the allegations, and filed a counterclaim seeking a declaratory judgment of invalidity and unenforceability, and noninfringement of our patents in the suit. On October 28, 2005, ev3 filed its first amended answer and counterclaim alleging that certain of our embolic protection devices infringe a patent owned by ev3. On June 20, 2006, we filed an amended complaint adding a claim of trade secret misappropriation and claiming infringement of two additional U.S. patents owned by us. On June 30, 2006, ev3 filed an amended answer and counterclaim alleging infringement of two additional U.S. patents owned by ev3. A trial has not yet been scheduled. On October 30, 2007, we reached an agreement in principle with ev3 to resolve this matter.  On March 27, 2008, the parties signed a definitive settlement agreement and the case has been formally dismissed.

On September 27, 2004, Target Therapeutics and we filed suit for patent infringement against Micrus Corporation alleging that certain detachable embolic coil devices infringe two U.S. patents exclusively licensed to Target Therapeutics. The complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California seeking monetary and injunctive relief. On November 16, 2004, Micrus answered and filed counterclaims seeking a declaration of invalidity, unenforceability and noninfringement and included allegations of infringement against us relating to three U.S. patents owned by Micrus, and antitrust and state law violations. On January 10, 2005, we filed a motion to dismiss certain of Micrus’ counterclaims, and on February 23, 2005, the Court granted a request to stay the proceedings pending a reexamination of our patents by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. On February 23, 2006, the stay was lifted. Subsequently, Micrus provided a covenant not to sue us with respect to one of the Micrus patents. On March 21, 2008, the Court rendered its claim construction ruling regarding the various patents at issue.  A trial date has not yet been set.
 
On April 4, 2005, Angiotech and we filed suit against Sahajanand Medical Technologies Pvt. Ltd. in The Hague, The Netherlands seeking a declaration that Sahajanand’s drug-eluting stent products infringe patents owned by Angiotech and licensed to us. On May 3, 2006, the Court found that the asserted claims were infringed and valid, and provided for injunctive and monetary relief. On July 13, 2006, Sahajanand appealed the Court’s decision. A hearing on the appeal was held on March 13, 2008, and a decision is expected by May 29, 2008.
 
On May 19, 2005, G. David Jang, M.D. filed suit against us alleging breach of contract relating to certain patent rights covering stent technology. The suit was filed in the U.S. District Court, Central District of California seeking monetary damages and rescission of the contract. On June 24, 2005, we answered, denying the allegations, and filed a counterclaim. After a Markman ruling relating to the Jang patent rights, Dr. Jang stipulated to the dismissal of certain claims alleged in the complaint with a right to appeal. In February 2007, the parties agreed to settle the other claims of the case. On May 23, 2007, Jang filed an appeal with respect to the remaining patent claims. Oral arguments were heard on April 8, 2008 and a decision is expected in three to six months.

On April 19, 2007, SciCo Tec GmbH, filed suit against us and our subsidiary, Boston Scientific Medizintechnik GmbH, alleging certain of our balloon catheters infringe a German patent owned by SciCo Tec GmbH.  The suit was filed in Mannheim, Germany.  We answered the complaint, denying the allegations and filed a nullity action against SciCo Tec relating to one of its German patents.  A hearing on the merits in the infringement action was held on February 12, 2008 and on April 1, 2008, the Court appointed a technical expert.

On December 16, 2005, Bruce N. Saffran, M.D., Ph.D. filed suit against us alleging that our TAXUS® Express coronary stent system infringes a patent owned by Dr. Saffran. The suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas and seeks monetary and injunctive relief. On February 8, 2006, we filed an answer, denying the allegations of the complaint. Trial began on February 5, 2008. On February 11, 2008, the jury found that our TAXUS® Express and TAXUS® Liberte® stent products infringe Dr. Saffran’s patent and that the patent is valid.  No injunction was requested, but the jury awarded damages of $431 million. The District Court awarded Dr. Saffran $69 million in pre-judgment interest and entered judgment in his favor. We believe the jury verdict is unsupported by both the evidence and the law.  We have filed post-trial motions before the District Court to
 
21

reverse the jury verdict and, if unsuccessful, will appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. On February 21, 2008, Dr. Saffran filed a new complaint alleging willful infringement of the continued sale of the TAXUS stent products. We will vigorously defend against its allegations.

On December 11, 2007, Wall Cardiovascular Technologies LLC filed suit against us alleging that our TAXUS Express coronary stent system infringes a patent owned by them.  The complaint also alleges that Cordis Corporation’s drug-eluting stent system infringes the patent. The suit was filed in the Eastern District Court of Texas and seeks monetary and injunctive relief. We answered the original complaint denying the allegations.  On February 18, 2008, Wall Cardiovascular Technologies filed a request, which has been granted by the Court, to amend its complaint to add Medtronic, Inc. to the suit with respect to Medtronic’s drug-eluting stent system.
 
Other Proceedings   

On September 23, 2005, Srinivasan Shankar, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, filed a purported securities class action suit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts on behalf of those who purchased or otherwise acquired our securities during the period March 31, 2003 through August 23, 2005, alleging that we and certain of our officers violated certain sections of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. On September 28, 2005, October 27, 2005, November 2, 2005 and November 3, 2005, Jack Yopp, Robert L. Garber, Betty C. Meyer and John Ryan, respectively, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, filed additional purported securities class action suits in the same Court on behalf of the same purported class. On February 15, 2006, the Court ordered that the five class actions be consolidated and appointed the Mississippi Public Employee Retirement System Group as lead plaintiff. A consolidated amended complaint was filed on April 17, 2006. The consolidated amended complaint alleges that we made material misstatements and omissions by failing to disclose the supposed merit of the Medinol litigation and DOJ investigation relating to the 1998 NIR ON® Ranger with Sox stent recall, problems with the TAXUS® drug-eluting coronary stent systems that led to product recalls, and our ability to satisfy FDA regulations concerning medical device quality. The consolidated amended complaint seeks unspecified damages, interest, and attorneys’ fees. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint on June 8, 2006, which was granted by the Court on March 30, 2007. The Mississippi Public Employee Retirement System Group appealed the Court’s decision. On April 16, 2008, the First Circuit reversed the dismissal of only plaintiff’s TAXUS stent recall related claims and remanded the matter for further proceedings.

On January 19, 2006, George Larson, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, filed a purported class action complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts on behalf of participants and beneficiaries of our 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan (401(k) Plan) and GESOP (together the Plans) alleging that we and certain of our officers and employees violated certain provisions under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA) and Department of Labor Regulations. On January 26, 2006, February 8, 2006, February 14, 2006, February 23, 2006 and March 3, 2006, Robert Hochstadt, Jeff Klunke, Kirk Harvey, Michael Lowe and Douglas Fletcher, respectively, on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated, filed purported class action complaints in the same Court on behalf of the participants and beneficiaries in our Plans alleging similar misconduct and seeking similar relief as in the Larson lawsuit. On April 3, 2006, the Court issued an order consolidating the actions and appointing Jeffrey Klunke and Michael Lowe as interim lead plaintiffs. On August 23, 2006, plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint that purports to bring a class action on behalf of all participants and beneficiaries of our 401(k) Plan during the period May 7, 2004 through January 26, 2006 alleging that we, our 401(k) Administrative and Investment Committee (the Committee), members of the Committee, and certain directors violated certain provisions of ERISA. The complaint alleges, among other things, that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties to the 401(k) Plan’s participants. The complaint seeks equitable and monetary relief. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on October 10, 2006, which was denied by the Court on August 27, 2007. On March 7, 2008, plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification. A trial has not yet been scheduled. 

On June 12, 2003, Guidant announced that its subsidiary, EndoVascular Technologies, Inc. (EVT), had entered into a plea agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice relating to a previously disclosed investigation regarding the ANCURE ENDOGRAFT System for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. At the time of
 
 
22

the EVT plea, Guidant had outstanding fourteen suits alleging product liability related causes of action relating to the ANCURE System. Subsequent to the EVT plea, Guidant was notified of additional claims and served with additional complaints. From time to time, Guidant has settled certain of the individual claims and suits for amounts that were not material to Guidant. Currently, Guidant has approximately 14 suits outstanding, and more suits may be filed. The complaints seek damages, including punitive damages. The complaints are in various stages of discovery, with the earliest trial date set for the summer of 2008. Additionally, Guidant has been notified of over 135 unfiled claims that are pending. The cases generally allege the plaintiffs suffered injuries, and in certain cases died, as a result of purported defects in the device or the accompanying warnings and labeling.

Although insurance may reduce Guidant’s exposure with respect to ANCURE System claims, one of Guidant’s carriers, Allianz Insurance Company (Allianz), filed suit in the Circuit Court, State of Illinois, County of DuPage, seeking to rescind or otherwise deny coverage and alleging fraud.  Additional carriers have intervened in the case and Guidant affiliates, including EVT, are also named as defendants. Guidant and its affiliates also initiated suit against certain of their insurers, including Allianz, in the Superior Court, State of Indiana, County of Marion, in order to preserve Guidant’s rights to coverage. A trial has not yet been scheduled in either case. On March 23, 2007, the Court in the Indiana lawsuit granted Guidant and its affiliates’ motion for partial summary judgment regarding Allianz’s duty to defend, finding that Allianz breached its duty to defend 41 ANCURE lawsuits.  On April 19, 2007, Allianz filed a notice of appeal of that ruling. The Indiana appeal was heard on March 25, 2008, and on April 17, 2008, the Court of Appeals reversed the partial summary judgment ruling finding instead that Allianz did not have a duty to defend.  Guidant may seek review from the Indiana Supreme Court. On July 11, 2007, the Illinois court entered a final partial summary judgment ruling in favor of Allianz. Guidant appealed the Court’s ruling on August 9, 2007. Both lawsuits are currently partially stayed in the trial courts pending the outcome of the respective appeals.

Shareholder derivative suits relating to the ANCURE System are currently pending in the Southern District of Indiana and in the Superior Court of the State of Indiana, County of Marion. The suits, purportedly filed on behalf of Guidant, initially alleged that Guidant’s directors breached their fiduciary duties by taking improper steps or failing to take steps to prevent the ANCURE and EVT related matters described above. The complaints seek damages and other equitable relief. The state court derivative suits have been stayed in favor of the federal derivative action. On March 9, 2007, the Superior Court granted the parties’ joint motion to dismiss the complaint with prejudice for lack of standing in one of the pending state derivative actions. The lead plaintiff in the federal derivative case filed an amended complaint in December 2005, adding allegations regarding defibrillator and pacemaker products and Guidant’s proposed merger with Johnson & Johnson. On March 17, 2006, the lead plaintiff filed a second amended complaint in the federal derivative case. On May 1, 2006, the defendants moved to dismiss the federal derivative case. On March 27, 2008, the District Court granted the motion to dismiss and entered judgment in favor of all defendants.
 
Approximately 75 product liability class action lawsuits and more than 2,200 individual lawsuits involving approximately 5,500 individual plaintiffs are pending in various state and federal jurisdictions against Guidant alleging personal injuries associated with defibrillators or pacemakers involved in the 2005 and 2006 product communications. The majority of the cases in the United States are pending in federal court but approximately 250 cases are currently pending in state courts. On November 7, 2005, the Judicial Panel on Multi-District Litigation established MDL-1708 (MDL) in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota and appointed a single judge to preside over all the cases in the MDL. In April 2006, the personal injury plaintiffs and certain third-party payors served a Master Complaint in the MDL asserting claims for class action certification, alleging claims of strict liability, negligence, fraud, breach of warranty and other common law and/or statutory claims and seeking punitive damages. The majority of claimants allege no physical injury, but are suing for medical monitoring and anxiety.  On July 12, 2007, we reached an agreement to settle certain claims associated with the 2005 and 2006 product communications, which was amended on November 19, 2007. Under the terms of the amended agreement, subject to certain conditions, we will pay a total of up to $240 million covering 8,550 patient claims, including all of the claims that have been consolidated in the MDL as well as other filed and unfiled claims throughout the United States. On June 13, 2006, the Minnesota Supreme Court appointed a single judge to preside over all
 
23

Minnesota state court lawsuits involving cases arising from the product communications. The plaintiffs in those cases are eligible to participate in the settlement, and activities in all Minnesota State court cases are currently stayed pending individual plaintiff’s decisions whether to participate in the settlement.

We are aware of twelve lawsuits pending internationally. Five of those suits are pending in Canada and are all putative class actions.  A hearing on whether the first of these putative class actions should be certified as a class was held in mid-January 2008 and on April 10, 2008, the Court certified a class of all persons in whom defibrillators were implanted in Canada and a class of family members with derivative claims.  Guidant intends to appeal the Court’s class-certification decision.

On November 3, 2005, a securities class action complaint was filed on behalf of purchasers of Guidant stock between December 1, 2004 and October 18, 2005 in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana, against Guidant and several of its officers and directors. The complaint alleges that the defendants concealed adverse information about Guidant’s defibrillators and pacemakers and sold stock in violation of federal securities laws. The complaint seeks a declaration that the lawsuit can be maintained as a class action, monetary damages, and injunctive relief. Several additional, related securities class actions were filed in November 2005 and January 2006. The Court issued an order consolidating the complaints and appointed the Iron Workers of Western Pennsylvania Pension Plan and David Fannon as lead plaintiffs. Lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint. In August 2006, the defendants moved to dismiss the complaint. On February 27, 2008, the District Court granted the motion to dismiss and entered final judgment in favor of all defendants. On March 13, 2008, the plaintiffs filed a motion seeking to amend the final judgment to permit the filing of a further amended complaint. On March 28, 2008, defendants opposed the motion. The motion remains pending.
 
On July 17, 2006, Carla Woods and Jeffrey Goldberg, as Trustees of the Bionics Trust and Stockholders’ Representative, filed a lawsuit against us in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaint alleges that we breached the Agreement and Plan of Merger among us, Advanced Bionics Corporation, the Bionics Trust, Alfred E. Mann, Jeffrey H. Greiner, and David MacCallum, collectively in their capacity as Stockholders’ Representative, and others dated May 28, 2004 (the Merger Agreement) or, alternatively, the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The complaint seeks injunctive and other relief. On February 20, 2007, the district court entered a preliminary injunction prohibiting us from taking certain actions until we complete specific actions described in the Merger Agreement. We appealed the preliminary injunction order on March 16, 2007. On April 17, 2007, the District Court issued a permanent injunction.  On May 7, 2007, we appealed the permanent injunction order. A hearing on the appeal was held on July 13, 2007. On August 24, 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the order of the District Court in part and vacated the order in part. In connection with an amendment to the Merger Agreement and the execution of related agreements in August 2007, the parties agreed to a resolution to this litigation contingent upon the closing of the Amendment and related agreements. On January 3, 2008, the closing contemplated by the amendment and related agreements occurred and on January 9, 2008, the District Court entered a joint stipulation vacating the injunction and dismissed the case with prejudice.
 
On February 26, 2008, fifteen pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers, including Boston Scientific, received a letter from Senator Charles E. Grassley, ranking member of the United States Senate Committee on Finance regarding their plans to enhance the transparency of financial relationships with physicians and medical organizations. On March 7, 2008, we responded to the Senator.

FDA Warning Letters
 
On December 23, 2005, Guidant received an FDA warning letter citing certain deficiencies with respect to its manufacturing quality systems and record-keeping procedures in its CRM facility in St. Paul, Minnesota. In April 2007, following FDA reinspections of our CRM facilities, we resolved the warning letter and all associated restrictions were removed.

On January 26, 2006, legacy Boston Scientific received a corporate warning letter from the FDA, notifying us of serious regulatory problems at three facilities and advising us that our corrective action plan relating to three site-specific warning letters issued to us in 2005 was inadequate. As stated in this FDA warning letter, the FDA may

24

not grant our requests for exportation certificates to foreign governments or approve pre-market approval applications for class III devices to which the quality control or current good manufacturing practices deficiencies described in the letter are reasonably related until the deficiencies have been corrected. In February 2008, the FDA commenced its reinspection of certain of our facilities.
 
In August 2007, we received a warning letter from the FDA regarding the conduct of clinical investigations associated with our abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) stent-graft program acquired from TriVascular, Inc. We have implemented a comprehensive plan of corrective actions regarding the conduct of our clinical trials and are finalizing commitments made to the FDA as part of our response. We terminated the TriVascular AAA development program in 2006 and do not believe the recent warning letter will have an impact on the timing of the resolution of our corporate warning letter.  
 
 
NOTE N – SEGMENT REPORTING

In the first quarter of 2008, we reorganized our international structure in order to allow for better utilization of infrastructure and resources. Accordingly, we have revised our reportable segments to reflect the way we currently manage and view our business. We now have three reportable operating segments based on geographic regions: the United States; EMEA, consisting of Europe, the Middle East and Africa; and Inter-Continental. We combined our Middle East and Africa operations, previously included in our Inter-Continental segment, with Europe to form a new EMEA region and merged our former Asia Pacific region into our Inter-Continental segment. Each of our reportable segments generates revenues from the sale of medical devices. The reportable segments represent an aggregate of all operating divisions within each segment. We measure and evaluate our reportable segments based on segment income. We exclude from segment income certain corporate and manufacturing-related expenses, as our corporate and manufacturing functions do not meet the definition of a segment, as defined by FASB Statement No. 131, Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information. In addition, certain transactions or adjustments that our Chief Operating Decision Maker considers to be non-recurring and/or non-operational, such as amounts related to acquisitions, divestitures, and restructuring activities, as well as amortization expense, are excluded from segment income. Although we exclude these amounts from segment income, they are included in reported consolidated net income and are included in the reconciliation below.

We manage our international operating segments on a constant currency basis. Sales generated from reportable segments and divested businesses, as well operating results of reportable segments and expenses from manufacturing operations, are based on internally derived standard currency exchange rates, which may differ from year to year and do not include intersegment profits. We have restated the segment information for 2007 net sales and operating results based on our standard currency exchange rates used for 2008 in order to remove the impact of currency fluctuations. In addition, we have reclassified previously reported 2007 segment results to be consistent with the 2008 presentation. Because of the interdependence of the reportable segments, the operating profit as presented may not be representative of the geographic distribution that would occur if the segments were not interdependent. A reconciliation of the totals reported for the reportable segments to the applicable line items in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations is as follows:
 
 
 
 
 

 
25

   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
 
             
Net sales
           
             
United States
  $ 1,117     $ 1,169  
EMEA
    457       474  
Inter-Continental
    367       332  
Net sales allocated to reportable segments
  $ 1,941     $ 1,975  
                 
Sales generated from divested businesses
    31     $ 136  
Currency exchange
    74       (25 )
    $ 2,046     $ 2,086  
                 
Income before income taxes
               
                 
United States
  $ 280     $ 318  
EMEA
    217       261  
Inter-Continental
    202       166  
Operating income allocated to reportable segments
  $ 699     $ 745  
                 
Manufacturing operations
    (101 )     (154 )
Corporate expenses and currency exchange
    (68 )     (137 )
Acquisition-, divestiture-, and restructuring-related credits (charges)
    193       (17 )
Amortization expense
    (143 )     (155 )
      580       282  
Other expense
    (118 )     (123 )
    $ 462     $ 159  
 
 
NOTE O – NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Statement No. 141(R)

In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement No. 141(R), Business Combinations, a replacement for Statement No. 141. Statement No. 141(R) retains the fundamental requirements of Statement No. 141, but requires the recognition of all assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination at their fair values as of the acquisition date. It also requires the recognition of assets acquired and liabilities assumed arising from contractual contingencies at their acquisition date fair values. Additionally, Statement No. 141(R) supersedes FASB Interpretation No. 4, Applicability of FASB Statement No. 2 to Business Combinations Accounted for by the Purchase Method, which required research and development assets acquired in a business combination that had no alternative future use to be measured at their fair values and expensed at the acquisition date. Statement No. 141(R) now requires that purchased research and development be recognized as an intangible asset. We are required to adopt Statement No. 141(R) prospectively for any acquisitions on or after January 1, 2009 and are currently evaluating the impact that Statement No. 141(R) will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Statement No. 161

In March 2008, the FASB issued Statement No. 161, Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, which amends Statement No. 133 by requiring expanded disclosures about an entity’s derivative instruments and hedging activities. Statement No. 161 requires increased qualitative, quantitative, and credit-risk disclosures, including (a) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments, (b) how derivative instruments and related hedged items are accounted for under Statement No. 133 and its related interpretations, and (c) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows.  We are required to adopt Statement No. 161 for our first quarter ending March 31, 2009.
 
 
26

ITEM 2.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Overview
 
Boston Scientific Corporation is a worldwide developer, manufacturer and marketer of medical devices that are used in a broad range of interventional medical specialties. Our mission is to improve the quality of patient care and the productivity of healthcare delivery through the development and advocacy of less-invasive medical devices and procedures. We accomplish this mission through the continuing refinement of existing products and procedures and the investigation and development of new technologies that can reduce risk, trauma, cost, procedure time and the need for aftercare. Our approach to innovation combines internally developed products and technologies with those we obtain externally through our acquisitions and alliances. The growth and success of our organization is dependent upon the shared values of our people. Our quality policy, applicable to all employees, is “I improve the quality of patient care and all things Boston Scientific.” This personal commitment connects our people with the vision and mission of Boston Scientific.

Financial Summary

Our net sales for the first quarter of 2008 were $2.046 billion, as compared to $2.086 billion for the first quarter of 2007, a decrease of $40 million or two percent. The decrease was attributable primarily to the divestiture of certain of our businesses in the first quarter of 2008, which contributed additional net sales of approximately $100 million in the first quarter of 2007, as well as a $40 million decline in sales of our drug-eluting stent systems as a result of changes in market conditions. These decreases were partially offset by the favorable impact of currency exchange rates, which contributed $99 million to our year-over-year sales growth. Our reported net income for the first quarter of 2008 was $322 million, or $0.21 per diluted share, as compared to net income of $120 million, or $0.08 per diluted share, for the first quarter of 2007.

Our reported results for the first quarter of 2008 included acquisition-, divestiture-, and restructuring-related net credits (after-tax) of $74 million, or $0.05 per share, consisting of gains of $114 million associated with the divestiture of certain of our businesses; partially offset by $32 million of restructuring costs, primarily head count related; and charges of $8 million for purchased research and development. Our reported results for the first quarter of 2007 included acquisition-related charges (after-tax) of $20 million, or $0.01 per share, consisting primarily of integration costs related to our 2006 acquisition of Guidant Corporation.

Outlook

Coronary Stent Business

Coronary stent revenue represented approximately 24 percent of our consolidated net sales during the first quarter of 2008, as compared to 25 percent in the first quarter of 2007. We estimate that the worldwide coronary stent market will approximate $4.8 billion in 2008, as compared to approximately $5.0 billion in 2007, and estimate that drug-eluting stents will represent approximately 80 percent of the dollar value of worldwide coronary stent market sales in 2008, as they did in 2007. Market size is driven primarily by the number of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures performed; the number of devices used per procedure; average drug-eluting stent selling prices; and the drug-eluting stent penetration rate (a measure of the mix between bare-metal and drug-eluting stents used across procedures). Uncertainty regarding the safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stents, as well as the specific increased perceived risk of late stent thrombosis1 following the use of drug-eluting stents, has contributed to a decline in the worldwide drug-eluting stent market size as compared to prior years. However, data addressing this risk and supporting the safety of drug-eluting stent systems appear to have had a stabilizing effect on the size of the drug-eluting stent market, as cardiologists regain confidence in this technology.
 

1
Late stent thrombosis is the formation of a clot, or thrombus, within the stented area one year or more after implantation of the stent.
 
27

The following are the components of our first quarter worldwide coronary stent system sales:
 
(in millions)
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2008
   
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2007
 
   
U.S.
   
International
   
Total
   
U.S.
   
International
   
Total
 
Drug-eluting
  $ 218     $ 210     $ 428     $ 293     $ 175     $ 468  
Bare-metal
    26       36       62       24       35       59  
                                                 
    $ 244     $ 246     $ 490     $ 317     $ 210     $ 527  
 
During the first quarter of 2008, U.S. sales of our drug-eluting stent systems declined $75 million, or 26 percent, as compared to the first quarter of 2007, due to declines in market size and our share of the market. Decreases in drug-eluting stent penetration rates, as well as decreases in PCI procedural volume, contributed to an overall reduction in the U.S. drug-eluting stent market size. For the first quarter of 2008, drug-eluting stent penetration rates were an estimated 63 percent, as compared to approximately 69 percent for the first quarter of 2007. Penetration rates decreased throughout 2007, but appear to have stabilized with penetration rates between 62 and 63 percent for the last three consecutive quarters. We estimate that the number of PCI procedures performed in the U.S. in the first quarter of 2008 decreased five percent, as compared to the first quarter of 2007, but have slightly increased from levels experienced in the second half of 2007. In addition, until recently, our TAXUS® paclitaxel-eluting coronary stent system was one of only two drug-eluting stent products available in the U.S. market. In February, however, an additional competitor entered this market, putting increased pressure on our U.S. drug-eluting stent system sales and negatively impacting our market share. Despite the additional competition in this market, we remained the market leader throughout the first quarter of 2008. However, we expect that our share of the U.S. drug-eluting stent market, as well as unit prices, will continue to be impacted as additional competitors enter the U.S. drug-eluting stent market, including Abbott Laboratories’ anticipated launch of its XIENCE V everolimus-eluting coronary stent system in mid- 2008. Simultaneous with Abbott’s U.S. launch of XIENCE V, we plan to launch our PROMUS everolimus-eluting coronary stent system, a private-labeled XIENCE V stent system supplied to us by Abbott.

During the first quarter of 2008, our international drug-eluting stent system net sales increased $35 million, or 20 percent, as compared to the first quarter of 2007, due primarily to the May 2007 launch of our TAXUS® Express2Ô drug-eluting coronary stent system in Japan, as well as the favorable impact of currency exchange rates. These increases were partially offset by a decline in the size of the drug-eluting stent market in our Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA) region, as compared to the same period in the prior year, as a result of decreases in drug-eluting stent penetration rates. Further, a decrease in our share of the drug-eluting stent market in this region, due to recent competitive launches, negatively impacted our year-over-year sales growth.

Historically, the worldwide coronary stent market has been dynamic and highly competitive with significant market share volatility. In addition, in the ordinary course of our business, we conduct and participate in numerous clinical trials with a variety of study designs, patient populations and trial end points. Unfavorable or inconsistent clinical data from existing or future clinical trials conducted by us, by our competitors or by third parties, or the market’s perception of this clinical data, may adversely impact our position in and share of the drug-eluting stent market and may contribute to increased volatility in the market. In addition, the FDA has informed stent manufacturers of new requirements for clinical trial data for pre-market approval (PMA) applications and post-market surveillance studies for drug-eluting stent products, which could affect our new product launch schedules and increase the cost of product approval and compliance.
 
We believe that we can maintain our leadership position within the worldwide drug-eluting stent market for a variety of reasons, including:

·  
the broad and consistent long-term results of our TAXUS® clinical trials, including up to five years of clinical follow up;

28

·  
the performance benefits of our current and future technology;

·  
the strength of our pipeline of drug-eluting stent products, including opportunities to expand indications for use through FDA review of existing and additional randomized trial data in extended use subsets;

·  
our overall position in the worldwide interventional medicine market and our experienced interventional cardiology sales force;

·  
our sales, clinical, marketing and manufacturing capabilities; and

·  
our two drug-eluting stent platform strategy, including our TAXUS® paclitaxel-eluting and PROMUS™ everolimus-eluting coronary stent systems.

However, a further decline in revenues from our drug-eluting stent systems could continue to have a significant adverse impact on our operating results and operating cash flows. The most significant variables that may impact the size of the drug-eluting stent market and our position within this market include:
 
·  
the entry and timing of additional competitors into the market, including the recent approval of a competitive product in the U.S. and Abbott’s anticipated launch of the XIENCE™ V drug-eluting coronary stent system in mid-2008;

·  
physician and patient confidence in our technology and attitudes toward drug-eluting stents, including expected abatement of prior concerns regarding the risk of late stent thrombosis;

·  
drug-eluting stent penetration rates, the overall number of PCI procedures performed, average number of stents used per procedure, and average selling prices of drug-eluting stent systems;

·  
variations in clinical results or perceived product performance of our or our competitors’ products;

·  
delayed or limited regulatory approvals and unfavorable reimbursement policies;

·  
the outcomes of intellectual property litigation;

·  
our ability to launch next-generation products and technology features, including our TAXUS® Liberté® paclitaxel-eluting and PROMUS stent systems, in the U.S. market;

·  
our ability to retain key members of our sales force and other key personnel; and

·  
changes in FDA clinical trial data and post-market surveillance requirements and the associated impact on new product launch schedules and the cost of product approvals and compliance.

Cardiac Rhythm Management Products

Cardiac rhythm management (CRM) product revenue represented approximately 28 percent of our consolidated net sales for the first quarter of 2008, as compared to approximately 26 percent for the first quarter of 2007. We estimate that the worldwide CRM market will approximate $10.8 billion in 2008, as compared to approximately $10.1 billion in 2007, and estimate that U.S. implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) system sales will represent approximately 40 percent of the worldwide CRM market in 2008, as they did in 2007.

The following are the components of our first quarter worldwide CRM sales:
 
29

 
(in millions) 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2008
   
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2007
 
   
U.S.
   
International
   
Total
   
U.S.
   
International
   
Total
 
ICD systems
  $ 274     $ 137     $ 411     $ 273     $ 125     $ 398  
Pacemaker systems
    82       72       154       76       65       141  
                                                 
    $ 356     $ 209     $ 565     $ 349     $ 190     $ 539  
 
Our U.S. sales of ICD systems for the first quarter of 2008 were consistent with the first quarter of 2007, with both the market size and our share of the market remaining relatively unchanged. Our international ICD system sales increased $12 million, or 10 percent, in the first quarter of 2008, as compared to the first quarter of 2007, due primarily to the favorable impact of currency exchange rates. We also experienced growth in pacemaker system sales in both the U.S. and international markets due primarily to an increase in market size. However, a field action initiated in 2007 by one of our competitors may have an adverse impact on the overall size of the CRM market. In addition, our net sales and market share in Japan were negatively impacted by a decision made in 2007 by our CRM distributor in that country to no longer distribute our CRM products. As a result, we are currently moving to a direct sales model in Japan and, until we fully implement this model, our net sales and market share in Japan may continue to be negatively impacted.

Worldwide CRM market growth rates over the past two years, including the U.S. ICD market, have been below those experienced in prior years, resulting primarily from previous industry field actions and from a lack of new indications for use. While we expect that growth rates in the worldwide CRM market will improve over time, there can be no assurance that these markets will return to their historical growth rates or that we will be able to increase net sales in a timely manner, if at all. The most significant variables that may impact the size of the CRM market and our position within that market include:

·  
our ability to launch next-generation products and technology features in a timely manner;

·  
our ability to increase the trust and confidence of the implanting physician community, the referring physician community and prospective patients in our technology;

·  
future product field actions or new physician advisories by us or our competitors;

·  
successful conclusion and positive outcomes of on-going clinical trials that may provide opportunities to expand indications for use;

·  
variations in clinical results, reliability or product performance of our and our competitors’ products;

·  
delayed or limited regulatory approvals and unfavorable reimbursement policies;

·  
our ability to retain key members of our sales force and other key personnel;

·  
new competitive launches;

·  
average selling prices and the overall number of procedures performed; and

·  
the outcome of legal proceedings related to our CRM business.

In April 2007, following FDA reinspections of our CRM facilities, we resolved the warning letter issued to Guidant in December 2005 and all associated restrictions were removed. Following the resolution of the warning letter, we received numerous FDA approvals and have since launched several products using Guidant technology. We anticipate introducing ten new CRM products throughout 2008.
 
30

Regulatory Compliance

In January 2006, legacy Boston Scientific received a corporate warning letter from the FDA notifying us of serious regulatory problems at three of our facilities and advising us that our corporate-wide corrective action plan relating to three site-specific warning letters issued to us in 2005 was inadequate. We believe we have identified solutions to the quality system issues cited by the FDA and continue to make progress in transitioning our organization to implement those solutions. We engaged a third party to audit our enhanced quality systems in order to assess our corporate-wide compliance prior to reinspection by the FDA. We completed substantially all of these third-party audits during 2007 and, in February 2008, the FDA commenced its reinspection of certain of our facilities. We believe that these reinspections represent a critical step toward the resolution of the corporate warning letter.

There can be no assurances regarding the length of time or cost it will take us to resolve our quality issues to our satisfaction and to the satisfaction of the FDA. If our remedial actions are not satisfactory to the FDA, we may need to devote additional financial and human resources to our efforts, and the FDA may take further regulatory actions. Our inability to resolve these quality issues in a timely manner may further delay product launch schedules, including the anticipated U.S. launch of our next-generation TAXUS® Liberté® drug-eluting stent system, which may weaken our competitive position in the market. We have received an approvable letter for our TAXUS Liberté stent system from the FDA, indicating that the agency may approve the device upon the resolution of the restrictions imposed by the corporate warning letter.

In addition, enhanced reporting requirements and modifications to our quality systems may result in incremental medical device and vigilance reporting, which could adversely impact physician perception of our products.

Strategic Initiatives

In 2007, we announced several new initiatives designed to enhance short- and long-term shareholder value, including the restructuring of several of our businesses and product franchises; the sale of five non-strategic businesses; significant expense and head count reductions; and the monetization of the majority of our investment portfolio. Our goal is to better align expenses with revenues, while preserving our ability to make needed investments in quality, research and development (R&D), capital and our people that are essential to our long-term success. We expect these initiatives to help provide better focus on our core businesses and priorities, which will strengthen Boston Scientific for the future and position us for increased, sustainable and profitable sales growth. Our plan is to reduce R&D and selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses by $475 million to $525 million against a $4.1 billion baseline, which represented our estimated annual R&D and SG&A expenses at the time we committed to these initiatives in 2007. This range represents the annualized run rate amount of reductions we expect to achieve as we exit 2008, as the implementation of these initiatives will take place throughout the year; however, we expect to realize the majority of these savings in 2008. In addition, we expect to reduce our R&D and SG&A expenses by an additional $25 million to $50 million in 2009.  

Restructuring

In October 2007, our Board of Directors approved an expense and head count reduction plan, which we expect will result in the elimination of approximately 2,300 positions worldwide. We are providing affected employees with severance packages, outplacement services and other appropriate assistance and support. The plan is intended to bring expenses in line with revenues as a part of our initiatives to enhance short- and long-term shareholder value. We initiated activities under the plan in the fourth quarter of 2007 and expect to complete substantially all of these activities worldwide by the end of 2008.  As of March 31, 2008, we had completed more than half of the anticipated head count reductions. The plan also provides for the restructuring of several businesses and product franchises in order to leverage resources, strengthen competitive positions, and create a more simplified and efficient business model. We recorded $44 million of restructuring-related costs in the first quarter of 2008, and expect to record an additional $175 million to $200 million throughout the remainder of 2008 and into 2009. We are recording these costs primarily as restructuring charges, with a portion recorded through
 
31

other lines within our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.  Refer to Quarterly Results and Note G – Restructuring Activities to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report for more information on these costs.

Divestitures

During 2007, we determined that our Auditory, Vascular Surgery, Cardiac Surgery, Venous Access and Fluid Management businesses were no longer strategic to our on-going operations. Therefore, we initiated the process of selling these businesses in 2007, and completed their sale in 2008, as discussed below. We received net proceeds of approximately $1.3 billion from these divestitures and our former TriVascular entity (see below) and estimate future tax payments of approximately $350 million associated with these transactions. We eliminated an additional 2,000 positions in connection with these divestitures.

In January 2008, we completed the sale of a controlling interest in our Auditory business and drug pump development program to entities affiliated with the principal former shareholders of Advanced Bionics Corporation for an aggregate payment of $150 million.  In connection with the sale, we recorded a loss of $367 million (pre-tax) in 2007, attributable primarily to the write-down of goodwill. In addition, we recorded a tax benefit of $6 million in the first quarter of 2008 in connection with the closing of the transaction. Also in January 2008, we completed the sale of our Cardiac Surgery and Vascular Surgery businesses for net cash proceeds of approximately $705 million. In connection with the sale, we recorded a pre-tax loss of $193 million in 2007, attributable primarily to the write-down of goodwill. In addition, we recorded a tax expense of $56 million in the first quarter of 2008 in connection with the closing of the transaction. In February 2008, we completed the sale of our Fluid Management and Venous Access businesses for net cash proceeds of approximately $415 million.  We recorded a pre-tax gain of $234 million ($129 million after-tax) during the first quarter of 2008 associated with this transaction.

In addition to these business divestitures, in March 2008, we sold our Endovascular Aortic Repair (EVAR) program obtained in connection with our 2005 acquisition of TriVascular, Inc. for $30 million in cash. We discontinued our EVAR program in 2006. In connection with the sale, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $16 million ($35 million after-tax) in the first quarter of 2008.

Monetization of Investments

During the second quarter of 2007, we announced our intent to monetize the majority of our investment portfolio in order to eliminate investments determined to be non-strategic. We have since monetized several of our investments in, and notes receivable from, certain publicly traded and privately held entities, and intend to monetize the rest of our non-strategic portfolio investments over the next few quarters. We received gross proceeds of $37 million in the first quarter of 2008 from the sale of investments and collections of notes receivable. During the first quarter of 2008, we recognized a net pre-tax loss of $6 million associated with our investment portfolio. We believe that the fair value of our individual investments and notes receivable equals or exceeds their carrying values as of March 31, 2008; however, we could recognize losses as we monetize these investments depending on the market conditions for these investments at the time of sale and the net proceeds we ultimately receive. Refer to our Other, net discussion and Note D – Investments and Notes Receivable to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report for more information on our investment portfolio and activity.

Quarterly Results

Net Sales
 
In the first quarter of 2008, we reorganized our international structure in order to allow for better utilization of infrastructure and resources. Accordingly, we have revised our reportable segments to reflect the way we currently manage and view our business. We now have three reportable operating segments based on geographic regions: the United States; EMEA, consisting of Europe, the Middle East and Africa; and Inter-Continental. We
 
32

combined our Middle East and Africa operations, previously included in our Inter-Continental segment, with Europe to form a new EMEA region and merged our former Asia Pacific region into our Inter-Continental segment. The following table provides our first quarter net sales by region and the relative change on an as reported and constant currency basis. We have reclassified previously reported 2007 results to be consistent with the 2008 presentation.
 
               
Change
 
   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
   
As Reported
Currency
   
Constant
Currency
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
   
Basis 
   
Basis 
 
                         
United States
  $ 1,117     $ 1,169       (4%)       (4%)  
                                 
EMEA
    507       469       8%       (4%)  
Inter-Continental
    390       313       25%       11%  
International
    897       782       15%       2%  
                                 
Divested Businesses
    32       135       N/A       N/A  
                                 
Worldwide
  $ 2,046     $ 2,086       (2%)       (7%)  
 
The following table provides our first quarter worldwide net sales by division and the relative change on an as reported and constant currency basis. In addition to the sale of certain of our businesses in the first quarter of 2008, we began integrating our Electrophysiology business with our CRM business in order to better serve the needs of electrophysiologists by creating a more efficient organization. Further, we integrated our remaining Oncology franchises into other business units. We have reclassified previously reported 2007 results to be consistent with the 2008 presentation.

               
Change
 
   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
   
As Reported
Currency
   
Constant
Currency
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
   
Basis 
   
Basis 
 
                         
Interventional Cardiology
  $ 756     $ 777       (3%)       (8%)  
Peripheral Interventions
    155       146       6%       0%  
Cardiovascular
    911       923       (1%)       (6%)  
                                 
Neurovascular
    92       90       2%       (6%)  
Peripheral Embolization
    22       22       3%       (4%)  
Neurovascular
    114       112       2%       (6%)  
                                 
Cardiac Rhythm Management
    565       539       5%       0%  
Electrophysiology
    38       36       5%       2%  
Cardiac Rhythm Management
    603       575       5%       0%  
                                 
Endoscopy
    229       206       11%       5%  
Urology
    100       95       5%       2%  
Endosurgery
    329       301       9%       4%  
                                 
Neuromodulation
    57       40       40%       40%  
                                 
Divested Businesses
    32       135       N/A       N/A  
                                 
Worldwide
  $ 2,046     $ 2,086       (2%)       (7%)  
 
We manage our international operating regions and divisions on a constant currency basis, and we manage market risk from currency exchange rate changes at the corporate level. To calculate revenue growth rates that exclude the impact of currency exchange, we convert actual current-period net sales from local currency to U.S. dollars using constant currency exchange rates. The regional constant currency growth rates in the table above can be recalculated from our net sales by reportable segment as presented in Note N – Segment Reporting to our
 
33

unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report. Growth rates are based on actual, non-rounded amounts and may not recalculate precisely.

U.S. Net Sales
 
During the first quarter of 2008, our U.S. net sales decreased by $52 million, or four percent, as compared to the first quarter of 2007. The decrease related primarily to the decline in U.S. net sales of our drug-eluting coronary stent systems by $75 million for the first quarter of 2008, as compared to the same period in the prior year, principally as a result of decreases in the size of the U.S. drug-eluting stent market and our share of the market. See the Outlook section for a more detailed discussion of the drug-eluting stent market and our position within that market. This decrease was partially offset by sales growth of $15 million from our Neuromodulation division, driven by an increase in the size of the market for our Precision® Spinal Cord Stimulation system, as well as a $7 million increase in sales of our CRM products, primarily as a result of an increase in pacemaker system sales.
 
International Net Sales
 
During the first quarter of 2008, our international net sales increased by $115 million, or 15 percent, as compared to the first quarter of 2007. The increase was attributable largely to the favorable impact of currency exchange rates, which contributed $99 million to our year-over-year sales growth. In addition, our net sales in our Inter-Continental region increased, primarily as a result of the May 2007 launch of our TAXUS® Express coronary stent system in Japan. This increase was partially offset by declines in sales of our drug-eluting stent systems in our EMEA region. See the Outlook section for a more detailed discussion of the international drug-eluting stent market and our position within that market.

Gross Profit
 
For the first quarter of 2008, our gross profit was $1.466 billion, as compared to $1.518 billion for the same period in the prior year. As a percentage of net sales, our gross profit decreased to 71.7 percent, as compared to 72.8 percent for the first quarter of 2007. The following is a reconciliation of our gross profit and a description of the drivers of the change from period to period:

Gross profit - three months ended March 31, 2007
    72.8 %
Shifts in product sales mix
    (1.2 ) %
Reduced Project Horizon spending
    1.0 %
Currency exchange and hedging
    (0.5 ) %
All other
    (0.4 ) %
Gross profit - three months ended March 31, 2008
    71.7 %
 
The primary factor contributing to a shift in product sales mix toward lower margin products was a decrease in sales of our higher margin TAXUS® drug-eluting stent system during the first quarter of 2008. In addition, our gross profit percentage was negatively impacted by the settlement of foreign currency hedge contracts on anticipated intercompany and third party transactions as a result of the weakened U.S. dollar. These declines in our gross profit rate were partially offset by the inclusion in the first quarter of 2007 of $21 million of spending associated with Project Horizon, our corporate-wide initiative to improve and harmonize our overall quality processes and systems, which ended as a formal program as of December 31, 2007.

Operating Expenses
 
In 2007, we announced several new initiatives designed to enhance short- and long-term shareholder value, including the restructuring of several of our businesses and product franchises; the sale of five non-strategic businesses; significant expense and head count reductions; and the monetization of the majority of our investment portfolio. Refer to the Outlook section for more on our cost improvement initiatives, including the anticipated cost reductions and expenses associated with these initiatives.

34

The following table provides a summary of certain of our operating expenses:
 
   
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
   
2008
   
2007
 
(in millions)
   
$
   
% of Net
Sales
   
$
   
% of Net
Sales
 
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    661       32.3       735       35.2  
Research and development expenses
    244       11.9       289       13.9  
Royalty expense
    46       2.2       52       2.5  
Amortization expense
    143       7.0       155       7.4  

Selling, General and Administrative (SG&A) Expenses
 
During the first quarter of 2008, our SG&A expenses decreased $74 million, or ten percent, as compared to the first quarter of 2007. As a percentage of net sales, our SG&A expenses decreased to 32.3 percent of net sales, as compared to 35.2 percent for the same period in the prior year. The decrease in our SG&A expenses was due primarily to $72 million of reduced expenses attributable to lower head count associated with our business divestitures and our expense and head count reduction plan.

Research and Development (R&D) Expenses

Our investment in R&D reflects spending on regulatory compliance and clinical research as well as new product development programs. Our R&D spending for the first quarter of 2008 decreased $45 million or 16 percent, as compared to the first quarter of 2007. As a percentage of our net sales, R&D expenses decreased to 11.9 percent for the first quarter of 2008, as compared to 13.9 percent for the same period in the prior year. This decrease related primarily to $37 million of reduced R&D expenses attributable to lower head count associated with our business divestitures and our expense and head count reduction plan, including the selective elimination of R&D projects that had a lower likelihood of success.

Royalty Expense

For the first quarter of 2008, our royalty expense decreased by $6 million, or 12 percent, as compared to the first quarter of 2007, due primarily to lower sales of our TAXUS stent system. Royalty expense attributable to sales of our TAXUS® stent system decreased $5 million, as compared to the same period in the prior year. As a percentage of our net sales, royalty expense decreased slightly to 2.2 percent for the first quarter of 2008 from 2.5 percent for the same period in the prior year.

Amortization Expense

Amortization expense for the first quarter of 2008 decreased $12 million, or eight percent, as compared to the first quarter of 2007, due to the disposal of $552 million of amortizable intangible assets in connection with our first quarter 2008 business divestitures. As a percentage of our net sales, amortization expense decreased slightly to 7.0 percent for the first quarter of 2008, as compared to 7.4 percent for the same period in the prior year.

Purchased Research and Development 

Our policy is to record certain costs associated with strategic alliances as purchased research and development. In accordance with this policy, we recorded $13 million of purchased research and development in the first quarter of 2008 associated with entering a licensing and development arrangement with Surgi-Vision, Inc. for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-safe technology, which Surgi-Vision is developing. During the first quarter of 2007, we recorded $5 million of purchased research and development associated with payments made for certain early-stage CRM technologies.

35

Restructuring Charges

In October 2007, our Board of Directors approved, and we committed to, an expense and head count reduction plan, which will result in the elimination of approximately 2,300 positions worldwide. We are providing affected employees with severance packages, outplacement services and other appropriate assistance and support.  As of March 31, 2008, we had completed more than half of the anticipated head count reductions.  The plan is intended to bring expenses in line with revenues as part of our initiatives to enhance short- and long-term shareholder value. Key activities under the plan include the restructuring of several businesses and product franchises in order to leverage resources, strengthen competitive positions, and create a more simplified and efficient business model; the elimination, suspension or reduction of spending on certain R&D projects; and the transfer of certain production lines from one facility to another. We initiated these activities in the fourth quarter of 2007 and expect to be complete substantially all of these activities worldwide by the end of 2008.

We expect that the execution of this plan will result in total pre-tax expenses of approximately $425 million to $450 million.  We expect the plan to result in cash payments of approximately $375 million to $400 million.  The following table provides a summary of our estimates of total costs associated with the plan by major type of cost:

Type of cost
Total amount expected to be incurred
Termination benefits
    $250 million to $260 million
Retention incentives
$60 million to $65 million
Asset write-offs and accelerated depreciation
$50 million to $55 million
Other *
$65 million to $70 million

Other costs consist primarily of consultant fees and costs to transfer product linesfrom one facility to another.
 
In the first quarter of 2008, we recorded $29 million of restructuring charges.  In addition, we recorded $15 million of expenses within other lines of our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations related to our restructuring initiatives. The following presents these costs by major type and line item within our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations:
 
(in millions)
 
Termination Benefits
   
Retention Incentives
   
Accelerated
Depreciation
   
Other
   
Total
 
Cost of goods sold
        $ 3     $ 1           $ 4  
Selling, general and administrative expenses
          6       3             9  
Research and development expenses
          2                     2  
Restructuring charges
  $ 20                     $ 9       29  
    $ 20     $ 11     $ 4     $ 9     $ 44  
                                         
 
 
The termination benefits recorded during the first quarter of 2008 represent amounts incurred pursuant to our on-going benefit arrangements and amounts for “one-time” involuntary termination benefits and have been recorded in accordance with FASB Statement No. 112, Employer’s Accounting for Postemployment Benefits and FASB Statement No. 146, Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities. We expect to record the remaining termination benefits in 2008 when we identify with more specificity the job classifications, functions and locations of the remaining head count to be eliminated. Retention incentives represent cash incentives, which are being recorded over the future service period during which eligible employees must remain employed with us in order to retain payment.  The other restructuring costs are being recognized and measured at their fair value in the period in which the liability is incurred in accordance with Statement No. 146.

We have incurred cumulative restructuring costs of $249 million since we committed to the plan in October 2007. The following presents these costs by major type (in millions):
36

 
Termination benefits
  $ 178  
Retention incentives
    16  
Intangible asset write-offs
    21  
Fixed asset write-offs
    8  
Accelerated depreciation
    7  
Other
    19  
    $ 249  
 
In the first quarter of 2008, we made cash payments of approximately $83 million associated with our restructuring initiatives, which related to termination benefits paid and other restructuring charges.  We have made cumulative cash payments of $125 million since we committed to our restructuring initiatives in October 2007. These payments were made using cash generated from our operations.  We expect to make the remaining cash payments throughout the remainder of 2008 and into 2009 using cash generated from operations.

As a result of our restructuring initiatives, we expect to reduce R&D and SG&A expenses by $475 million to $525 million against a $4.1 billion baseline, which represented our estimated annual R&D and SG&A expenses at the time we committed to these initiatives in 2007. This range represents the annualized run rate amount of reductions we expect to achieve as we exit 2008, as the implementation of these initiatives will take place throughout the year; however, we expect to realize the majority of these savings in 2008. In addition, we expect to reduce our R&D and SG&A expenses by an additional $25 million to $50 million in 2009.  

Gain on Divestitures

During the first quarter of 2008, we recorded a $250 million pre-tax gain in connection with the sale of our Fluid Management and Venous Access businesses and our former TriVascular entity. Refer to the Strategic Initiatives section and Note E – Divestitures to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report for more information on these transactions.

Interest Expense
 
Interest expense for the first quarter of 2008 was $131 million, as compared to $141 million for the first quarter of 2007, a decrease of $10 million, or seven percent. This decrease related primarily to a decrease in our average debt levels due to debt prepayments of $750 million in the third quarter of 2007 and $625 million in the first quarter of 2008.
 
Other, net
 
Our other, net reflected income of $13 million for the first quarter of 2008, as compared to $18 million for the first quarter of 2007. Other, net included interest income of $17 million for the first quarter of 2008 and $22 million for the first quarter of 2007. In addition, other, net included expense of $6 million for the first quarter of 2008 associated with net losses attributable to our investment portfolio. Refer to Note D – Investments and Notes Receivable to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report for more information regarding our investments activity. Further, our other, net for the first quarter of 2007 included expense of $8 million representing a decrease in fair value of the sharing of proceeds feature of the Abbott Laboratories stock purchase discussed in further detail in our 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Tax Rate
 
The following table provides a summary of our reported tax rate:
 
37

 
   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
   
Percentage
Point
Increase
 
   
2008
   
2007
   
(Decrease)
 
Reported tax rate
    30.3 %     24.5 %     5.8 %
Impact of certain charges*
    (6.7 ) %     (3.5 ) %     (3.2 ) %
 
These charges are taxed at different rates than our effective tax rate. 

The increase in our reported tax rate for the first quarter of 2008, as compared to the same period in the prior year, related primarily to the impact of certain charges that are taxed at different rates than our effective tax rate. In 2008, these charges included restructuring costs, divestitures that occurred in the quarter, and discrete items associated with the resolution of various tax matters.  In 2007, these charges included changes to the reserves for uncertain tax positions relating to items originating in prior periods, purchased research and development and charges related to the Guidant acquisition.  In addition, our effective tax rate for the first quarter of 2008 increased by approximately three percentage points as compared to the same period in the prior year due primarily to the expiration of the U.S. Research and Development (R&D) tax credit at December 31, 2007.

We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of multiple state and foreign jurisdictions.  We have concluded all U.S. federal income tax matters through 2000 and substantially all material state, local, and foreign income tax matters through 2001. During the first quarter of 2008, we resolved certain matters previously under consideration at IRS Appeals, related primarily to Guidant’s acquisition of Intermedics, Inc., and received several favorable foreign court decisions and a favorable state audit settlement.  As a result of the resolution of these matters, we decreased our reserve for uncertain tax positions, net of payments, by $49 million, inclusive of $24 million of interest and penalties, during the first quarter of 2008.

Critical Accounting Policies
 
Our financial results are affected by the selection and application of accounting policies and methods. As of January 1, 2008, we adopted FASB Statement No. 157, Fair Value Measurements and FASB Statement No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 116,. Refer to Note B – Fair Value Measurements to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report for a discussion of our adoption of these standards.

There were no other material changes in the quarter ended March 31, 2008 to the application of critical accounting policies as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
The following provides a summary of key performance indicators that we use to assess our liquidity and operating performance.

Net Debt2
 
   
March 31,
   
December 31,
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
 
Short-term debt
  $ 257     $ 256  
Long-term debt
    7,311       7,933  
Total debt
    7,568       8,189  
Less: cash and cash equivalents
    1,739       1,452  
Net debt
  $ 5,829     $ 6,737  
                 


2
Management uses net debt to monitor and evaluate cash and debt levels and believes it is a measure that provides valuable information regarding our net financial position and interest rate exposure. Users of our financial statements should consider this non-GAAP financial information in addition to, not as a substitute for, nor as superior to, financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.
 
38

EBITDA3 
 
   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
 
Net income
  $ 322     $ 120  
Interest income
    (17 )     (22 )
Interest expense
    131       141  
Income tax expense
    140       39  
Depreciation and amortization
    223       224  
EBITDA
  $ 799     $ 502  
 
Cash Flow 
 
   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2007
 
Cash provided by (used for) operating activities
  $ 266     $ (59 )
Cash provided by (used for) investing activities
    620       (300 )
Cash (used for) provided by financing activities
    (599 )     31  
 
Operating Activities
 
Cash generated by our operating activities continues to be a major source of funds for servicing our outstanding debt obligations and investing in our growth. The increase in our operating cash flow for the first quarter of 2008, as compared to the first quarter of 2007, is attributable primarily to a tax payment of approximately $400 million paid in the first quarter of 2007, related principally to Guidant’s sale of its vascular intervention and endovascular solutions businesses to Abbott. This increase was partially offset by cash payments of $83 million in the first quarter of 2008 associated with our restructuring initiatives.

Investing Activities

The increase in cash provided by investing activities for the first quarter of 2008, as compared to the first quarter of 2007, is attributable primarily to proceeds of approximately $1.3 billion related to the divestment of certain of our businesses in the first quarter of 2008. These cash inflows were partially offset by acquisition-related payments of $654 million, consisting primarily of a $650 million fixed payment made to the principal former shareholders of Advanced Bionics in connection with our 2007 amended merger agreement, which we accrued at December 31, 2007. Our investing activities during the first quarter of 2007 included $200 million of contingent
 

3
Management uses EBITDA to assess operating performance and believes that it may assist users of our financial statements in analyzing the underlying trends in our business over time. In addition, management considers adjusted EBITDA as a component of the financial covenants included in our credit agreements. Users of our financial statements should consider this non-GAAP financial information in addition to, not as a substitute for, nor as superior to, financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Our EBITDA included acquisition-, divestiture- and restructuring-related net credits (pre-tax) of $193 million for the first quarter of 2008 and charges (pre-tax) of $25 million for the first quarter of 2007. See Financial Summary for a description of these charges/credits.
 
39

payments related to Advanced Bionics. See Note F - Acquisitions to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report for the estimated maximum potential amount of future contingent consideration we could be required to pay associated with our other acquisitions.

We made capital expenditures of $57 million in the first quarter of 2008, as compared to $96 million during the first quarter of 2007. The decrease was primarily a result of Company-wide efforts to reduce spending as part of our expense and head count reduction plan. We expect to incur capital expenditures of $450 million for the full year 2008, including capital expenditures to further upgrade our quality systems and information systems infrastructure, to enhance our manufacturing capabilities in order to support a second drug-eluting stent platform, and to support continuous growth in our business units.
 
In addition, we received cash proceeds of $37 million during the first quarter of 2008 and $14 million during the first quarter of 2007 from sales of equity investments in and collections of notes receivable from certain of our non-strategic portfolio companies.

Financing Activities
 
Our cash flows from financing activities reflect issuances and repayments of debt and proceeds from stock issuances related to our equity incentive programs.

Debt

We had total debt of $7.568 billion at March 31, 2008 at an average interest rate of 6.02 percent, as compared to total debt of $8.189 billion at December 31, 2007 at an average interest rate of 6.36 percent. The carrying amount of our debt at March 31, 2008 reflects a discount of $32 million associated with our $900 million loan from Abbott Laboratories, as well as $17 million of unamortized losses related to interest rate swaps used to hedge the fair value of certain of our senior notes.

During the first quarter of 2008, we prepaid $625 million of our term loan. These prepayments satisfied the remaining $300 million of our term loan due in 2009 and $325 million of our term loan due in 2010. As of March 31, 2008, the revised debt maturity schedule for the term loan, as well as scheduled maturities of the other significant components of our debt obligations, is as follows:

   
Payments Due by Period
       
(in millions)
 
2008
   
2009
   
2010
   
2011
   
2012
   
Thereafter
   
Total
 
Term loan
                $ 1,375     $ 2,000                   $ 3,375  
Abbott Laboratories loan
                          900                     900  
Senior notes
                          850             $ 2,200       3,050  
Credit and security facility
  $ 250                                               250  
    $ 250     $       $ 1,375     $ 3,750     $       $ 2,200     $ 7,575  
 
 
Note:
The table above does not include capital leases, discounts associated with our Abbott loan and senior notes, and non-cash gains related to interest rate swaps used to hedge the fair value of certain of our senior notes.
 
Our term loan and revolving credit facility agreement requires that we maintain certain financial covenants, including a ratio of total debt to EBITDA, as defined by the amended agreement, of less than or equal to 4.5 to 1.0 through December 31, 2008. The maximum permitted ratio of total debt to EBITDA steps-down to 4.0 to 1.0 on March 31, 2009 and to 3.5 to 1.0 on September 30, 2009. The agreement also requires that we maintain a ratio of EBITDA, as defined by the amended agreement, to interest expense of greater than or equal to 3.0 to 1.0. As of March 31, 2008, we were in compliance with the required covenants. Exiting the quarter, our ratio of total debt to EBITDA was 2.9 to 1.0 and our ratio of EBITDA to interest expense was 4.6 to 1.0. If at any time we are not able to maintain these covenants, we could be required to seek to renegotiate the terms of our credit facilities or seek waivers from compliance with these covenants, both of which could result in additional borrowing costs.

Equity

During the first quarter of 2008, we received $26 million in proceeds from stock issuances related to our stock option and employee stock purchase plans, as compared to $31 million for the same period in the prior year. Proceeds from the exercise of employee stock options and employee stock purchases vary from period to period based upon, among other factors, fluctuations in the exercise and stock purchase patterns of employees. 

40

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Certain of our acquisitions involve the payment of contingent consideration. See Note F – Acquisitions to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report for the estimated potential amount of future contingent consideration we could be required to pay associated with our prior acquisitions.

There have been no material changes to our contractual obligations and commitments as reported in our 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Legal Matters
 
The medical device market in which we primarily participate is largely technology driven. Physician customers, particularly in interventional cardiology, have historically moved quickly to new products and new technologies. As a result, intellectual property rights, particularly patents and trade secrets, play a significant role in product development and differentiation. However, intellectual property litigation to defend or create market advantage is inherently complex and unpredictable. Furthermore, appellate courts frequently overturn lower court patent decisions.
 
In addition, competing parties frequently file multiple suits to leverage patent portfolios across product lines, technologies and geographies and to balance risk and exposure between the parties. In some cases, several competitors are parties in the same proceeding, or in a series of related proceedings, or litigate multiple features of a single class of devices. These forces frequently drive settlement not only of individual cases, but also of a series of pending and potentially related and unrelated cases. In addition, although monetary and injunctive relief is typically sought, remedies and restitution are generally not determined until the conclusion of the proceedings and are frequently modified on appeal. Accordingly, the outcomes of individual cases are difficult to time, predict or quantify and are often dependent upon the outcomes of other cases in other geographies.
 
Several third parties have asserted that our current and former stent systems infringe patents owned or licensed by them. We have similarly asserted that stent systems or other products sold by our competitors infringe patents owned or licensed by us. Adverse outcomes in one or more of these proceedings could limit our ability to sell certain stent products in certain jurisdictions, or reduce our operating margin on the sale of these products and could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

In the normal course of business, product liability and securities claims are asserted against us. Product liability and securities claims may be asserted against us in the future related to events not known to management at the present time. We are substantially self-insured with respect to general and product liability claims, and maintain insurance policies providing limited coverage against securities claims. The absence of significant third-party insurance coverage increases our potential exposure to unanticipated claims or adverse decisions. Product liability claims, product recalls, securities litigation, and other litigation in the future, regardless of their outcome, could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

We record losses for claims in excess of purchased insurance in earnings at the time and to the extent they are probable and estimable. In accordance with FASB Statement No. 5, Accounting for Contingencies, we accrue anticipated costs of settlement, damages, losses for product liability claims and, under certain conditions, costs of defense, based on historical experience or to the extent specific losses are probable and estimable. Otherwise, we expense these costs as incurred. If the estimate of a probable loss is a range and no amount within the range is more likely, we accrue the minimum amount of the range.  Refer to Note M - Commitments and Contingencies to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of  this Quarterly Report for material developments with regard to any matters of litigation disclosed in our 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K or instituted since December 31, 2007.

41

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Statement No. 141(R)

In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement No. 141(R), Business Combinations, a replacement for Statement No. 141. Statement No. 141(R) retains the fundamental requirements of Statement No. 141, but requires the recognition of all assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination at their fair values as of the acquisition date. It also requires the recognition of assets acquired and liabilities assumed arising from contractual contingencies at their acquisition date fair values. Additionally, Statement No. 141(R) supersedes FASB Interpretation No. 4, Applicability of FASB Statement No. 2 to Business Combinations Accounted for by the Purchase Method, which required research and development assets acquired in a business combination that had no alternative future use to be measured at their fair values and expensed at the acquisition date. Statement No. 141(R) now requires that purchased research and development be recognized as an intangible asset. We are required to adopt Statement No. 141(R) prospectively for any acquisitions on or after January 1, 2009 and are currently evaluating the impact that Statement No. 141(R) will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Statement No. 161

In March 2008, the FASB issued Statement No. 161, Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, which amends Statement No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, by requiring expanded disclosures about an entity’s derivative instruments and hedging activities. Statement No. 161 requires increased qualitative, quantitative, and credit-risk disclosures, including (a) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments, (b) how derivative instruments and related hedged items are accounted for under Statement No. 133 and its related interpretations, and (c) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows.  We are required to adopt Statement No. 161 for our first quarter ending March 31, 2009.


Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward Looking Statements

Certain statements that we may make from time to time, including statements contained